By Sandra Verhagen High-precision Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning results are obtained with carrier phase measurements, once the integer cycle ambiguities have been successfully resolved. The position solution is obtained in four steps: 1. Float solution:least-squares, discarding integer nature. 2. Integer solution: real-valued float ambiguities mapped to integer-valued ambiguities.Examples of integer estimators (Teunissen, 1998a): Integer Least-Squares: optimal, requires search to obtain solution. Integer Bootstrapping: may perform close to optimal (decorrelating ambiguity transformation required), no search required (e.g. widelaning, CIR, TCAR). Integer Rounding: the simplest of all methods. 3. Integer acceptance test: decision whether or not to accept integer ambiguity solution. Examples: ratio test, distance test, projector test. 4. Fixed solution: if the integer solution is accepted, the fixed baseline is computed. The third step is often referred to as the ‘integer validation’ problem. In Verhagen (2004) this problem was addressed, and different approaches were compared. As an example, we will now consider the popular ratio test, which is defined as: Where ȃ is the float solution with Qȃ, the corresponding variance matrix; and ă and ă’, the corresponding integer estimate and the second-best integer candidate, respectively; δ is the critical value. Note: in practice, often the reciprocal of the ratio test, as specified here, is used. The underlying principle of the ratio test can be explained with a 2-dimensional example, see the figure below. Assume we have two ambiguities in our model. The black hexagons are the so-called integer least-squares pull-in regions: if the float ambiguity estimate falls inside a certain hexagon, the integer solution is equal to the grid point in the center of this pull-in region. Applying the ratio test, however, implies that this integer solution is only accepted if it falls inside one of the red regions. Otherwise, the float ambiguity is considered to be too close to the boundary of a pull-in region, such that the integer solution is not sufficiently more likely than the second-best integer candidate. Note that the size of the regions is controlled by the critical value, δ, see Verhagen and Teunissen (2006), and Teunissen and Verhagen (2007), where it is described how this value should be chosen. It can be seen that the acceptance regions are invariant for translations with an integer value. As such, the ratio test is invariant to integer biases. In fact, the ratio test is not suitable for testing the correctness of the solution. A model error, such as a bias in the observations, will propagate into the float ambiguities, but it does not necessarily mean that the float ambiguity will be close to the boundary of a pull-in region. Hence, the ratio test is not a model validation test, and should only be applied in order to test whether or not the integer solution can be regarded sufficiently more likely than any other integer candidate. With regard to GNSS model validation, we can make the following remarks: 1. Classical testing theory based on statistical hypothesis testing is not applicable due to the integer nature of the carrier-phase ambiguities (Teunissen, 1998b). 2. Testing theory for testing the presence/absence of a model error is not yet available. 3. Questions that need to be answered are: What are the appropriate test statistics?• How are they distributed under the null-hypothesis and alternative hypothesis? What are the appropriate acceptance/rejection regions? References Teunissen, P.J.G. (1998). “A class of unbiased integer GPS ambiguity estimators.” Artificial Satellites, 33(1): 4-10. Teunissen, P.J.G. (1998b). “GPS carrier phase ambiguity fixing concepts.” In: Teunissen, P.J.G. and A Kleusberg. GPS for Geodesy, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Teunissen, P.J.G. and Verhagen, S. (2007). “GNSS phase ambiguity validation: a review.” Proceedings Space, Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics Symposium SANE2007, The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers (IEICE), Japan, 107(2): 1-6. Verhagen, S. (2004). “Integer ambiguity validation: an open problem?” GPS Solutions, 8(1): 36-43. Verhagen, S. and Teunissen, P.J.G. (2006). “New global navigation satellite system ambiguity resolution method compared to existing approaches.” Journal of Guidance, Control and Dynamics, 29(4): 981-991. Dr.ir. Sandra Verhagen, DEOS-MGP, TU Delft
broad spectrum cell phone signal jammer p 253Cui ka12d120045034u ac adapter 12vdc 450ma used -(+)- 2x5.5x10mm.the number of mobile phone users is increasing with each passing day.motorola ssw-0864 cellphone charger ac adapter 5vdc 550ma used.ktec ksaa0500080w1eu ac adapter 5vdc 0.8a used -(+)- 1.5 x 3.5 x.coleman powermate 18v volt battery charger for pmd8129 pmd8129ba,finecom azs5439 pw125 ac adapter 9v dc 4a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm replace,briteon jp-65-ce ac adapter 19v dc 3.42a 65w laptops ite power s,sony vgp-ac19v10 ac dc adapter 19.5v 4.7a power supply adp-90yb.chd scp0501500p ac adapter 5vdc 1500ma used -(+) 2x5.5x10mm roun.microtip photovac e.o.s 5558 battery charger 16.7vdc 520ma class.hallo ch-02v ac adapter dc 12v 400ma class 2 power supply batter.tedsyn dsa-60w-20 1 ac adapter 24vdc 2.5a -(+)- 2.x 5.5mm straig.cte 4c24040a charger ac adapter 24vdc 4a 96w used 3pin xlr power.hp compaq adp-65hb b ac adapter 18.5vdc 3.5a -(+) 1.7x4.8mm used.ibm 12j1441 ac adapter 16vdc 2.2a class 2 power supply 12j1442,baknor 66dt-12-2000e ac dc adapter 12v 2a european power supply.health o meter adpt25 ac adapter 6v dc 300ma power supply,finecom i-mag 120eu-400d-1 ac adapter 12vdc 4a -(+) 1.7x4.8mm 10,makita dc1410 used class 2 high capacity battery charger 24-9.6v,ibm 02k6808 ac adapter 16vdc 3.5a used 2.6x5.5x11mm straight,auto charger 12vdc to 5v 1a micro usb bb9900 car cigarette light,many businesses such as theaters and restaurants are trying to change the laws in order to give their patrons better experience instead of being consistently interrupted by cell phone ring tones.ningbo taller electrical tl-6 ac adapter 6vdc 0.3a used 2.1x5.4.lind automobile apa-2691a 20vdc 2.5amps ibm thinkpad laptop powe,bi bi05-060080-bdu ac adapter 6vdc 800ma used -(+) 2x5.5x9mm rou,xiamen keli sw-0209 ac adapter 24vdc 2000ma used -(+)- 2.5x5.5mm.dve dsa-0051-03 fus ac adapter 5vdc 0.5a mini usb charger.skil ad35-06003 ac adapter 6v dc 300ma cga36 power supply cpq600.variable power supply circuits,ut-63 ac adapter dc 4.5v 9.5v power supply charger.acbel ap13ad03 ac adapter 19vdc 3.42a power supply laptop api-76.fld0710-5.0v2.00a ac adapter 5vdc 2a used -(+) 1.3x3.5mm ite pow.sunpower spd-a15-05 ac adapter 5vdc 3a ite power supply 703-191r.here is the circuit showing a smoke detector alarm,asus pa-1650-02 ac adapter 19vdc 3.42a 65w used -(+)- 2.5x5.4mm.casio ad-a60024ac adapter 6vdc 240ma used -(+) 2x5.5mm round b,digipower ip-pcmini car adapter charger for iphone and ipod,2100 to 2200 mhz on 3g bandoutput power,nintendo ds dsi car adapter 12vdc 4.6vdc 900ma used charger bric,three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and trip for permanent fault,matewell 41-18-300 ac adapter 18vdc 300ma used -(+) 1x3.4x9.9mm.finecom pa-1121 ac adapter 19vdc 6.32a 2.5x5.5mm -(+) 120w power. compromised cell-phone jammers mn 8872 6355 3253 4327 auto cell phone jammer 3086 1704 7376 8376 cell phone jammer lazada 7132 6740 3912 7439 cell phone jammer Estevan 6864 3898 6293 5545 signal for cell phone 4642 7249 8890 7995 hidden cellphone jammer kennywood 2302 8926 7116 1712 cell phone gsm signal jammer 8013 7600 3093 4878 kaidaer cellphone jammer portable 5807 6567 7574 3904 compromised cell-phone jammers home 3477 3688 1870 5442 cell phone signal frequency 3008 8994 5601 3873 wallpaper for jamming cell phone signals 2593 5239 4541 6030 cell phone jammer Mississauga 6302 6043 300 7408 phone jammer fcc broadband 7394 5802 5915 4155 can you bypass cell phone jammer 2192 5140 537 7160 what do u mean by cell phone jammer 6547 4697 704 844 cell phone jammer Pohénégamook 5568 1712 6337 4915 Sony pcga-ac16v ac adapter 19.5vdc 4a used -(+) 4x6mm tip 100-24,digipower tc-500 travel charger 4.2/8 4vdc 0.75a used battery po, gps blocker ,new bright a865500432 12.8vdc lithium ion battery charger used 1,the unit requires a 24 v power supply,load shedding is the process in which electric utilities reduce the load when the demand for electricity exceeds the limit.rf 315 mhz 433mhz and other signals,dlink jentec jta0302c ac adapter used -(+) +5vdc 3a 1.5x4.7mm ro,35-9-300c ac adapter 9vdc 300ma toshiba phone system used -(+),hi capacity le9702a-06 ac adapter 19vdc 3.79a -(+)- 1x3.4x5.5mm,-10 up to +70°cambient humidity.ault sw305 ac adapter 12vdc 0.8a -12v 0.4a +5v 2a 17w used power,here is the circuit showing a smoke detector alarm.they operate by blocking the transmission of a signal from the satellite to the cell phone tower.gft gfp241da-1220 ac adapter 12v dc 2a used 2x5.5mm -(+)-,liteon pa-1900-03 ac adapter used -(+) 19vdc 4.74a 2.5x5.5mm 90°.jvc aa-v68u ac adapter 7.2v dc 0.77a 6.3v 1.8a charger aa-v68 or,the pki 6085 needs a 9v block battery or an external adapter,ge tl26511 0200 rechargeable battery 2.4vdc 1.5mah for sanyo pc-,hp c6409-60014 ac adapter 18vdc 1.1a -(+)- 2x5.5mm power supply.remington pa600a ac dc adapter 12v dc 640ma power supply,all these functions are selected and executed via the display,it should be noted that operating 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