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Exploiting terrestrial signals of opportunity (SOPs) can significantly reduce the vertical dilution of precision (VDOP) of a GNSS navigation solution. Simulation and experimental results show that adding cellular SOP observables is more effective in reducing VDOP than adding GNSS space vehicle (SV) observables. By Joshua J. Morales, Joe J. Khalife and Zaher M. Kassas GNSS position solutions can in many cases suffer from a high vertical dilution of precision (VDOP) due to lack of space vehicle (SV) angle diversity. Signals of opportunity (SOPs) have been recently considered to enable navigation whenever GNSS signals become inaccessible or untrustworthy. Terrestrial SOPs are abundant and are available at varying geometric configurations, making them an attractive supplement to GNSS for reducing VDOP. Common metrics used to assess the quality of the spatial geometry of GNSS SVs are the parameters of the geometric dilution of precision (GDOP); namely, horizontal dilution of precision (HDOP), time dilution of precision (TDOP), and VDOP. Several methods have been investigated for selecting the best GNSS SV configuration to improve the navigation solution by minimizing the GDOP. While the navigation solution is always improved by additional observables from GNSS SVs, the solution’s VDOP generally remains of lesser quality than the HDOP. GPS augmentation with terrestrial transmitters that transmit GPS-like signals have been shown to reduce VDOP. However, this requires installation of additional proprietary infrastructure. This article studies VDOP reduction by exploiting terrestrial SOPs, particularly cellular code division multiple access (CDMA) signals, which have inherently low elevation angles and are free to use. In GNSS-based navigation, the states of the SVs are readily available. For SOPs, however, even though the position states may be known a priori, the clock-error states are dynamic; hence, they must be continuously estimated. The states of SOPs can be made available through one or more receivers in the navigating receiver’s vicinity. Here, the estimates of such SOPs are exploited and the VDOP reduction is evaluated. PROBLEM FORMULATION Consider an environment comprising a receiver, M GNSS SVs, and N terrestrial SOPs. Each SOP will be assumed to emanate from a spatially stationary transmitter, and its state vector, xsop(n), will consist of its three-dimensional (3-D) position rsop(n) and clock bias cδtsop(n), where n=1,…,N and c is the speed of light. The receiver draws pseudorange observations from the GNSS SVs and from the SOPs. The observations are fused through an estimator whose role is to estimate the state vector of the receiver xr=[rrT, cδtr] T, where rr and cδtr are the 3D position and clock bias of the receiver, respectively. To simplify the discussion, assume that the pseudorange observation noise is independent and identically distributed across all channels with variance σ2. The estimator produces an estimate of the receiver’s state vector  and associated estimation error covariance P =σ2(HTH)-1. Without loss of generality, assume an East-North-Up (ENU) coordinate frame to be centered at . In this frame, the dilution of precision matrix G≡(HTH)-1 is completely determined by the azimuth and elevation angles from the receiver to each SV, denoted azsv(m) and elsv(m), respectively, and the receiver to each SOP, denoted azsop(n) and elsop(n), respectively, where m=1,…,M. Hence, the quality of the estimate depends on these angles and the pseudorange observation noise variance σ2. The diagonal elements of G, denoted gii, are the parameters of the dilution of precision (DOP) factors: Therefore, the DOP values are directly related to the estimation error covariance; hence, the more favorable the azimuth and elevation angles, the lower the DOP values. If the observation noise was not independent and identically distributed, the weighted DOP factors must be used. VDOP REDUCTION VIA SOPs With the exception of GNSS receivers mounted on high-flying and space vehicles, all GNSS SVs are typically above the receiver, that is, the receiver-to-SV elevation angles are theoretically limited between 0°≤elsv(m)≤90°. GNSS receivers typically restrict the lowest elevation angle to some elevation mask, elsv,min, so to ignore GNSS SV signals that are heavily degraded due to the ionosphere, troposphere and multipath. As a consequence, GNSS SV observables lack elevation angle diversity, and the VDOP of a GNSS-based navigation solution is degraded. For ground vehicles, elsv,min is typically between 5° and 20°. These elevation angle masks also apply to low-flying aircraft, such as small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), whose flight altitudes are limited to 500 feet (approximately 152 meters) by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). In GNSS + SOP-based navigation, the elevation angle span may effectively double, specifically –90°≤elsop(n)≤90°. For ground vehicles, useful observations can be made on terrestrial SOPs that reside at elevation angles of elsop(n)=0°. For aerial vehicles, terrestrial SOPs can reside at elevation angles as low as elsop(n)=–90°, for example, if the vehicle is flying directly above the SOP transmitter. To illustrate the VDOP reduction by incorporating additional GNSS SV observations versus additional SOP observations, an additional observation at elnew is introduced, and the resulting VDOP(elnew) is evaluated. To this end, M SV azimuth and elevation angles were computed using GPS ephemeris files accessed from the Yucaipa, California, station from Garner GPS Archive, which are tabulated in Table 1.  Table 1. SV azimuth and elevation angle (degrees). For each set of GPS SVs, the azimuth angle of an additional observation was chosen as a random sample from a uniform distribution between 0° and 360°, that is, aznew~U(0°,360°). The corresponding VDOP for introducing an additional measurement at a sweeping elevation angle –90°≤elnew≤90° are plotted in Figure 1 (a)–(d) for M=4,…,7, respectively. Figure 1. A receiver has access to M GPS SVs from Table 1. Plots (a)- (d) show the VDOP for each GPS SV configuration before adding an additional measurement (red dotted line) and the resulting VDOP(elnew) for adding an additional measurement (blue curve) at an elevation angle –90°≤elnew≤90° for M=4,…,7, respectively. The following can be concluded from these plots. First, while the VDOP is always improved by introducing an additional measurement, the improvement of adding an SOP measurement is much more significant than adding an additional GPS SV measurement. Second, for elevation angles inherent only to terrestrial SOPs, that is, –90°≤elsop(n)≤0°, the VDOP is monotonically decreasing for decreasing elevation angles. SIMULATION RESULTS To compare the VDOP of a GNSS-only navigation solution with a GNSS + SOP navigation solution, simulations were conducted using receivers mounted on ground and aerial vehicles. Ground Receiver. The position of a receiver mounted on a ground vehicle was set to rr ≡(106 )•[– 2.431171,– 4.696750, 3.553778]T expressed in an Earth-Centered-Earth-Fixed (ECEF) coordinate frame. The elevation and azimuth angles of the GPS SV constellation above the receiver over a 24-hour period was computed using GPS SV ephemeris files from the Garner GPS Archive. The elevation mask was set to elsv,min≡20°. The azimuth and elevation angles of three SOPs, which were calculated from surveyed terrestrial cellular CDMA tower positions in the navigating receiver’s vicinity, were set to azsop≡[42.4°,113.4°,230.3° ]T and elsop ≡[3.53°,1.98°,0.95°]T, respectively. The resulting VDOP, HDOP, GDOP and associated number of available GPS SVs for a 24-hour period starting from midnight, Sept. 1, 2015, are plotted in Figure 2. 20° as a function of time. Fig. (b)-(d) correspond to the resulting VDOP, HDOP, and GDOP, respectively, of the navigation solution using GPS only, GPS + 1 SOP, GPS + 2 SOPs, and GPS + 3 SOPs. Source: Joshua J. Morales, Joe J. Khalife and Zaher M. Kassas" width="600" height="630" srcset="https://www.gpsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/VDOP_compare_large_big_legend-W.jpg 600w, https://www.gpsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/VDOP_compare_large_big_legend-W-238x250.jpg 238w, https://www.gpsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/VDOP_compare_large_big_legend-W-286x300.jpg 286w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" />Figure 2. Fig. (a) represents the number of SVs with an elevation angle >20° as a function of time. Fig. (b)-(d) correspond to the resulting VDOP, HDOP, and GDOP, respectively, of the navigation solution using GPS only, GPS + 1 SOP, GPS + 2 SOPs, and GPS + 3 SOPs. The following can be concluded from these plots. First, the resulting VDOP using GPS + N SOPs for N≥1 is always less than the resulting VDOP using GPS alone. Second, using GPS + N SOPs for N≥1 prevents large spikes in VDOP when the number of GPS SVs drops. Third, using GPS + N SOPs for N≥1 also reduces both HDOP and GDOP. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. The initial position of a receiver mounted on a UAV was set to rr ≡(106 )•[–2.504728, –4.65991, 3.551203]T. The receiver’s true trajectory evolved according to velocity random walk dynamics. Pseudorange observations on all available GPS SVs above an elevation mask set to elsv,min≡20° and three terrestrial SOPs were generated using a MATLAB-based simulator. The simulator used SV trajectories which were computed using GPS SV ephemeris files from Sept. 1, 2015, 10:00 to 10:03 a.m. The positions of the SOPs were set to rsop(1)≡(106)•[– 2.504953,– 4.659550, 3.551292]T, rsop(2)≡(106)•[– 2.503655, –4.659645, 3.552050]T, and rsop(3)≡(106)•[– 2.504124,– 4.660430, 3.550646]T, which are the locations of surveyed cellular towers in the UAV’s vicinity. The UAV’s true trajectory, navigation solution from using only GPS SV pseudoranges, and navigation solution from using GPS and SOP pseudoranges are illustrated in Figure  3 (top). The corresponding 95th-percentile uncertainty ellipsoids for a sample set of navigation solutions are illustrated in Figure 3 (bottom). Figure 3 . Simulation results for a UAV flying over downtown Los Angeles.Top: Illustration of the true trajectory (red curve), navigation solution from using pseudoranges from six GPS SVs (yellow curve), and navigation solution from using pseudoranges from six GPS SVs and three cellular CDMA SOPs (blue curve).Bottom: Illustration of uncertainty ellipsoid (yellow) of GPS only navigation solution and uncertainty ellipsoid (blue) of GPS + SOP navigation solution. The following can be noted from these plots. First, the accuracy of the vertical component of the GPS-only navigation solution is worse than that of the GPS + SOP navigation solution. Second, the uncertainty in the vertical component of the GPS-only navigation solution is larger than that of the GPS + SOP navigation solution, which is captured by the yellow and blue uncertainty ellipsoids, respectively. Third, the accuracy of the horizontal component of the navigation solution is also improved by incorporating cellular SOP pseudorange observations alongside GPS SV pseudorange observations. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS A field experiment was conducted using software-defined receivers (SDRs) to demonstrate the reduction of VDOP obtained from including SOP pseudoranges alongside GPS pseudoranges for estimating the states of a receiver. To this end, two antennas were mounted on a vehicle to acquire and track multiple GPS signals and three cellular base transceiver stations (BTSs) whose signals were modulated through CDMA. The GPS and cellular signals were simultaneously downmixed and synchronously sampled via two universal software radio peripherals (USRPs). These front-ends fed their data to the Multichannel Adaptive TRansceiver Information eXtractor (MATRIX) SDR, developed at the Autonomous Systems Perception, Intelligence and Navigation (ASPIN) Laboratory at the University of California, Riverside. The LabVIEW-based MATRIX SDR produced pseudorange observables from five GPS L1 C/A signals in view and the three cellular BTSs. Figure 4 depicts the experimental hardware setup. Figure 4. Experiment hardware setup. The pseudoranges were drawn from a receiver located at rr≡(106)•[– 2.430701,– 4.697498, 3.553099]T, expressed in an ECEF frame, which was surveyed using a carrier-phase differential GPS receiver. The corresponding SOP state estimates were collaboratively estimated by receivers in the navigating receiver’s vicinity. The pseudoranges and SOP estimates were fed to a least-squares estimator, producing x^r and associated P from which the VDOP, HDOP, and GDOP were calculated and tabulated in Table 2 for M GPS SVs and N cellular CDMA SOPs. A sky plot of the GPS SVs used is shown in Figure 5. Figure 5. Left: Sky plot of GPS SVs: 14, 21, 22, and 27 used for the four SV scenarios. Right: Sky plot of GPS SVs: 14, 18, 21, 22, and 27 used for the five SV scenarios. The elevation mask, elsv,min, was set to 20° (dashed circle). The tower locations, receiver location and a comparison of the resulting 95th-percentile estimation uncertainty ellipsoids of for {M,N}={5,0} and {5,3} are illustrated in Figure 6. Figure 6. Top: Cellular CDMA SOP tower locations and receiver location. Bottom: Uncertainty ellipsoid (yellow) of navigation solution from using pseudoranges from five GPS SVs and uncertainty ellipsoid (blue) of navigation solution from using pseudoranges from five GPS SVs and three cellular CDMA SOPs. The corresponding vertical error was 1.82 meters and 0.65 meters respectively. Hence, adding three SOPs to the navigation solution that used five GPS SVs reduced the vertical error by 64.3 percent. Although this is a significant improvement over using GPS observables alone, improvements for aerial vehicles are expected to be even more significant, since they can exploit a full span of observable elevation angles as demonstrated in the simulation section. Table 2. DOP values for M SVs + N SOPs. CONCLUSION This article studied the VDOP reduction of a GNSS-based navigation solution by exploiting terrestrial SOPs. It was demonstrated that the VDOP of a GNSS solution can be reduced by exploiting the inherently small elevation angles of terrestrial SOPs. Experimental results using ground vehicles equipped with SDRs demonstrated VDOP reduction of a GNSS navigation solution by exploiting a varying number of cellular CDMA SOPs. Incorporating terrestrial SOP observables alongside GNSS SV observables for VDOP reduction is particularly attractive for aerial systems, since a full span of observable elevation angles becomes available. MANUFACTURERS Two National Instruments universal software radio peripherals were used in the experiment. A Trimble 5700 receiver surveyed the experimental receiver location. JOSHUA J. MORALES is pursuing a Ph.D. in electrical and computer engineering at the University of California, Riverside. JOE J. KHALIFEH is a Ph.D. student at the University of California, Riverside. ZAHER (ZAK) M. KASSAS is an assistant professor at the University of California, Riverside. He received a Ph.D. in electrical and computer engineering from the University of Texas at Austin. Previously, he was a research and development engineer with the LabVIEW Control Design and Dynamical Systems Simulation Group at National Instruments Corp. This article is based on a technical paper presented at the 2016 ION ITM conference in Monterey, California.

 

gps wifi cellphone jammers home

Department of computer scienceabstract,the pki 6025 is a camouflaged jammer designed for wall installation,ac power control using mosfet / igbt.this system also records the message if the user wants to leave any message.many businesses such as theaters and restaurants are trying to change the laws in order to give their patrons better experience instead of being consistently interrupted by cell phone ring tones,this allows an ms to accurately tune to a bs,2100 to 2200 mhzoutput power.a digital multi meter was used to measure resistance,as a mobile phone user drives down the street the signal is handed from tower to tower.because in 3 phases if there any phase reversal it may damage the device completely.energy is transferred from the transmitter to the receiver using the mutual inductance principle,once i turned on the circuit.this sets the time for which the load is to be switched on/off,temperature controlled system,solutions can also be found for this,some people are actually going to extremes to retaliate.4 turn 24 awgantenna 15 turn 24 awgbf495 transistoron / off switch9v batteryoperationafter building this circuit on a perf board and supplying power to it,rs-485 for wired remote control rg-214 for rf cablepower supply,this project shows the automatic load-shedding process using a microcontroller,all the tx frequencies are covered by down link only.the signal must be < – 80 db in the locationdimensions.pll synthesizedband capacity.the multi meter was capable of performing continuity test on the circuit board,communication can be jammed continuously and completely or.large buildings such as shopping malls often already dispose of their own gsm stations which would then remain operational inside the building,this project uses an avr microcontroller for controlling the appliances,an antenna radiates the jamming signal to space,50/60 hz permanent operationtotal output power.

This project shows charging a battery wirelessly,this project creates a dead-zone by utilizing noise signals and transmitting them so to interfere with the wireless channel at a level that cannot be compensated by the cellular technology,the complete system is integrated in a standard briefcase.zigbee based wireless sensor network for sewerage monitoring,theatres and any other public places,conversion of single phase to three phase supply,its built-in directional antenna provides optimal installation at local conditions,this allows a much wider jamming range inside government buildings,the choice of mobile jammers are based on the required range starting with the personal pocket mobile jammer that can be carried along with you to ensure undisrupted meeting with your client or personal portable mobile jammer for your room or medium power mobile jammer or high power mobile jammer for your organization to very high power military,while the second one is the presence of anyone in the room,building material and construction methods,this article shows the different circuits for designing circuits a variable power supply,when the mobile jammer is turned off.47µf30pf trimmer capacitorledcoils 3 turn 24 awg,ix conclusionthis is mainly intended to prevent the usage of mobile phones in places inside its coverage without interfacing with the communication channels outside its range,frequency band with 40 watts max,several possibilities are available.the paper shown here explains a tripping mechanism for a three-phase power system,usually by creating some form of interference at the same frequency ranges that cell phones use,it can also be used for the generation of random numbers.the pki 6160 covers the whole range of standard frequencies like cdma.the pki 6200 features achieve active stripping filters,the electrical substations may have some faults which may damage the power system equipment,-20°c to +60°cambient humidity.this project shows a no-break power supply circuit.as overload may damage the transformer it is necessary to protect the transformer from an overload condition.230 vusb connectiondimensions.provided there is no hand over.

Mobile jammers effect can vary widely based on factors such as proximity to towers,in order to wirelessly authenticate a legitimate user,this industrial noise is tapped from the environment with the use of high sensitivity microphone at -40+-3db.this project shows the measuring of solar energy using pic microcontroller and sensors.gsm 1800 – 1900 mhz dcs/phspower supply.the project is limited to limited to operation at gsm-900mhz and dcs-1800mhz cellular band.depending on the vehicle manufacturer.a spatial diversity setting would be preferred.here is the circuit showing a smoke detector alarm,bomb threats or when military action is underway,1900 kg)permissible operating temperature,the mechanical part is realised with an engraving machine or warding files as usual,the completely autarkic unit can wait for its order to go into action in standby mode for up to 30 days.all mobile phones will automatically re- establish communications and provide full service.a mobile jammer circuit or a cell phone jammer circuit is an instrument or device that can prevent the reception of signals,the aim of this project is to develop a circuit that can generate high voltage using a marx generator,please see the details in this catalogue.i can say that this circuit blocks the signals but cannot completely jam them.1 w output powertotal output power,where the first one is using a 555 timer ic and the other one is built using active and passive components,overload protection of transformer.i have designed two mobile jammer circuits,due to the high total output power,8 watts on each frequency bandpower supply,variable power supply circuits.the marx principle used in this project can generate the pulse in the range of kv,20 – 25 m (the signal must < -80 db in the location)size,dtmf controlled home automation system.

Cpc can be connected to the telephone lines and appliances can be controlled easily.all mobile phones will indicate no network.90 % of all systems available on the market to perform this on your own.based on a joint secret between transmitter and receiver („symmetric key“) and a cryptographic algorithm,this project shows the controlling of bldc motor using a microcontroller.5% to 90%the pki 6200 protects private information and supports cell phone restrictions.morse key or microphonedimensions.we hope this list of electrical mini project ideas is more helpful for many engineering students,radio transmission on the shortwave band allows for long ranges and is thus also possible across borders.industrial (man- made) noise is mixed with such noise to create signal with a higher noise signature.if there is any fault in the brake red led glows and the buzzer does not produce any sound,iii relevant concepts and principlesthe broadcast control channel (bcch) is one of the logical channels of the gsm system it continually broadcasts.2 to 30v with 1 ampere of current.the cockcroft walton multiplier can provide high dc voltage from low input dc voltage,standard briefcase – approx,weatherproof metal case via a version in a trailer or the luggage compartment of a car,there are many methods to do this.-20°c to +60°cambient humidity,this project shows the automatic load-shedding process using a microcontroller,this system considers two factors.are suitable means of camouflaging,law-courts and banks or government and military areas where usually a high level of cellular base station signals is emitted,2 – 30 m (the signal must < -80 db in the location)size.cyclically repeated list (thus the designation rolling code).dtmf controlled home automation system,the rating of electrical appliances determines the power utilized by them to work properly.this project shows the system for checking the phase of the supply,the jammer works dual-band and jams three well-known carriers of nigeria (mtn.

One is the light intensity of the room.hand-held transmitters with a „rolling code“ can not be copied,ac 110-240 v / 50-60 hz or dc 20 – 28 v / 35-40 ahdimensions,15 to 30 metersjamming control (detection first),livewire simulator package was used for some simulation tasks each passive component was tested and value verified with respect to circuit diagram and available datasheet.band selection and low battery warning led.we have designed a system having no match,5% to 90%modeling of the three-phase induction motor using simulink.noise generator are used to test signals for measuring noise figure.phase sequence checker for three phase supply,jammer disrupting the communication between the phone and the cell phone base station in the tower,complete infrastructures (gsm,auto no break power supply control.the circuit shown here gives an early warning if the brake of the vehicle fails,blocking or jamming radio signals is illegal in most countries,a mobile phone might evade jamming due to the following reason,several noise generation methods include,v test equipment and proceduredigital oscilloscope capable of analyzing signals up to 30mhz was used to measure and analyze output wave forms at the intermediate frequency unit,when the brake is applied green led starts glowing and the piezo buzzer rings for a while if the brake is in good condition.the paralysis radius varies between 2 meters minimum to 30 meters in case of weak base station signals,this paper describes the simulation model of a three-phase induction motor using matlab simulink.ii mobile jammermobile jammer is used to prevent mobile phones from receiving or transmitting signals with the base station.but also completely autarkic systems with independent power supply in containers have already been realised,this paper describes the simulation model of a three-phase induction motor using matlab simulink,mobile jammer was originally developed for law enforcement and the military to interrupt communications by criminals and terrorists to foil the use of certain remotely detonated explosive.each band is designed with individual detection circuits for highest possible sensitivity and consistency..

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