Generating Distorted GNSS Signals Using a Signal Simulator By Mathieu Raimondi, Eric Sénant, Charles Fernet, Raphaël Pons, Hanaa Al Bitar, Francisco Amarillo Fernández, and Marc Weyer INNOVATION INSIGHTS by Richard Langley INTEGRITY. It is one of the most desirable personality traits. It is the characteristic of truth and fair dealing, of honesty and sincerity. The word also can be applied to systems and actions with a meaning of soundness or being whole or undivided. This latter definition is clear when we consider that the word integrity comes from the Latin word integer, meaning untouched, intact, entire — the same origin as that for the integers in mathematics: whole numbers without a fractional or decimal component. Integrity is perhaps the most important requirement of any navigation system (along with accuracy, availability, and continuity). It characterizes a system’s ability to provide a timely warning when it fails to meet its stated accuracy. If it does not, we have an integrity failure and the possibility of conveying hazardously misleading information. GPS has built into it various checks and balances to ensure a fairly high level of integrity. However, GPS integrity failures have occasionally occurred. One of these was in 1990 when SVN19, a GPS Block II satellite operating as PRN19, suffered a hardware chain failure, which caused it to transmit an anomalous waveform. There was carrier leakage on the L1 signal spectrum. Receivers continued to acquire and process the SVN19 signals, oblivious to the fact that the signal distortion resulted in position errors of three to eight meters. Errors of this magnitude would normally go unnoticed by most users, and the significance of the failure wasn’t clear until March 1993 during some field tests of differential navigation for aided landings being conducted by the Federal Aviation Administration. The anomaly became known as the “evil waveform.” (I’m not sure who first came up with this moniker for the anomaly. Perhaps it was the folks at Stanford University who have worked closely with the FAA in its aircraft navigation research. The term has even made it into popular culture. The Japanese drone-metal rock band, Boris, released an album in 2005 titled Dronevil. One of the cuts on the album is “Evil Wave Form.” And if drone metal is not your cup of tea, you will find the title quite appropriate.) Other types of GPS evil waveforms are possible, and there is the potential for such waveforms to also occur in the signals of other global navigation satellite systems. It is important to fully understand the implications of these potential signal anomalies. In this month’s column, our authors discuss a set of GPS and Galileo evil-waveform experiments they have carried out with an advanced GNSS RF signal simulator. Their results will help to benchmark the effects of distorted signals and perhaps lead to improvements in GNSS signal integrity. “Innovation” is a regular feature that discusses advances in GPS technology andits applications as well as the fundamentals of GPS positioning. The column is coordinated by Richard Langley of the Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, University of New Brunswick. He welcomes comments and topic ideas. GNSS signal integrity is a high priority for safety applications. Being able to position oneself is useful only if this position is delivered with a maximum level of confidence. In 1993, a distortion on the signals of GPS satellite SVN19/PRN19, referred to as an “evil waveform,” was observed. This signal distortion induced positioning errors of several meters, hence questioning GPS signal integrity. Such events, when they occur, should be accounted for or, at least, detected. Since then, the observed distortions have been modeled for GPS signals, and their theoretical effects on positioning performance have been studied through simulations. More recently, the models have been extended to modernized GNSS signals, and their impact on the correlation functions and the range measurements have been studied using numerical simulations. This article shows, for the first time, the impact of such distortions on modernized GNSS signals, and more particularly on those of Galileo, through the use of RF simulations. Our multi-constellation simulator, Navys, was used for all of the simulations. These simulations are mainly based on two types of scenarios: a first scenario, referred to as a static scenario, where Navys is configured to generate two signals (GPS L1C/A or Galileo E1) using two separate RF channels. One of these signals is fault free and used as the reference signal, and the other is affected by either an A- or B-type evil waveform (EW) distortion (these two types are described in a latter section). The second type of scenario, referred to as a dynamic scenario, uses only one RF channel. The generated signal is fault free in the first part of the simulation, and affected by either an A- or B-type EW distortion in the second part of the scenario. Each part of the scenario lasts approximately one minute. All of the studied scenarios consider a stationary satellite position over time, hence a constant signal amplitude and propagation delay for the duration of the complete scenario. Navys Simulator The first versions of Navys were specified and funded by Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales or CNES, the French space agency. The latest evolutions were funded by the European Space Agency and Thales Alenia Space France (TAS-F). Today, Navys is a product whose specifications and ownership are controled by TAS-F. It is made up of two components: the hardware part, developed by ELTA, Toulouse, driven by a software part, developed by TAS-F. The Navys simulator can be configured to simulate GNSS constellations, but also propagation channel effects. The latter include relative emitter-receiver dynamics, the Sagnac effect, multipath, and troposphere and ionosphere effects. Both ground- and space-based receivers may be considered. GNSS Signal Generation Capabilities. Navys is a multi-constellation simulator capable of generating all existing and upcoming GNSS signals. Up to now, its GPS and Galileo signal-generation capabilities and performances have been experienced and demonstrated. The simulator, which has a generation capacity of 16 different signals at the same time over the entire L band, has already been successfully tested with GPS L1 C/A, L1C, L5, and Galileo E1 and E5 receivers. Evil Waveform Emulation Capabilities. In the frame of the ESA Integrity Determination Unit project, Navys has been upgraded to be capable of generating the signal distortions that were observed in 1993 on the signals from GPS satellite SVN19/PRN19. Two models have been developed from the observations of the distorted signals. The first one, referred to as Evil Waveform type A (EWFA), is associated with a digital distortion, which modifies the duration of the GPS C/A code chips, as shown in FIGURE 1. A lead/lag of the pseudorandom noise code chips is introduced. The +1 and –1 state durations are no longer equal, and the result is a distortion of the correlation function, inducing a bias in the pseudorange measurement equal to half the difference in the durations. This model, based on GPS L1 C/A-code observations, has been extended to modernized GNSS signals, such as those of Galileo (see Further Reading). In Navys, type A EWF generation is applied by introducing an asymmetry in the code chip durations, whether the signal is modulated by binary phase shift keying (BPSK), binary offset carrier (BOC), or composite BOC (CBOC). FIGURE 1. Theoretical L1 C/A code-chip waveforms in the presence of an EWFA (top) and EWFB (bottom). The second model, referred to as Evil Waveform type B (EWFB) is associated with an analog distortion equivalent to a second-order filter, described by a resonance frequency (fd) and a damping factor (σ), as depicted in Figure 1. This failure results in correlation function distortions different from those induced by EWFA, but which also induces a bias in the pseudorange measurement. This bias depends upon the characteristics (resonance frequency, damping factor) of the filter. In Navys, an infinite impulse response (IIR) filter is implemented to simulate the EWFB threat. The filter has six coefficients (three in the numerator and three in the denominator of its transfer function). Hence, it appears that Navys can generate third order EWF type B threats, which is one order higher that the second order threats considered by the civil aviation community. Navys is specified to generate type B EWF with less than 5 percent root-mean-square (RMS) error between the EWF module output and the theoretical model. During validation activities, a typical value of 2 percent RMS error was measured. This EWF simulation function is totally independent of the generated GNSS signals, and can be applied to any of them, whatever its carrier frequency or modulation. It is important to note that such signal distortions may be generated on the fly — that is, while a scenario is running. FIGURE 2 gives an example of the application of such threat models on the Galileo E1 BOC signal using a Matlab theoretical model. FIGURE 2. Theoretical E1 C code-chip waveforms in the presence of an EWFA (top) and EWFB (bottom). GEMS Description GEMS stands for GNSS Environment Monitoring Station. It is a software-based solution developed by Thales Alenia Space aiming at assessing the quality of GNSS measurements. GEMS is composed of a signal processing module featuring error identification and characterization functions, called GEA, as well as a complete graphical user interface (see online version of this article for an example screenshot) and database management. The GEA module embeds the entire signal processing function suite required to build all the GNSS observables often used for signal quality monitoring (SQM). The GEA module is a set of C/C++ software routines based on innovative-graphics-processing-unit (GPU) parallel computing, allowing the processing of a large quantity of data very quickly. It can operate seamlessly on a desktop or a laptop computer while adjusting its processing capabilities to the processing power made available by the platform on which it is installed. The GEA signal-processing module is multi-channel, multi-constellation, and supports both real-time- and post-processing of GNSS samples produced by an RF front end. GEMS, which is compatible with many RF front ends, was used with a commercial GNSS data-acquisition system. The equipment was configured to acquire GNSS signals at the L1 frequency, with a sampling rate of 25 MHz. The digitized signals were provided in real time to GEMS using a USB link. From the acquired samples, GEMS performed signal acquisition and tracking, autocorrelation function (ACF) calculation and display, and C/N0 measurements. All these figures of merit were then logged in text files. EWF Observation Several experiments were carried out using both static and kinematic scenarios with GPS and Galileo signals. GPS L1 C/A. The first experiment was intended to validate Navys’ capability of generating state-of-the-art EWFs on GPS L1 C/A signals. It aimed at verifying that the distortion models largely characterized in the literature for the GPS L1 C/A are correctly emulated by Navys. EWFA, static scenario. In this scenario, Navys is configured to generate two GPS L1 C/A signals using two separate RF channels. The same PRN code was used on both channels, and a numerical frequency transposition was carried out to translate the signals to baseband. One signal was affected by a type A EWF, with a lag of 171 nanoseconds, and the other one was EWF free. Next, its amplified output was plugged into an oscilloscope. The EWFA effect is easily seen as the faulty signal falling edge occurs later than the EWF-free signal, while their rising edges are still synchronous. However, the PRN code chips are distorted from their theoretical versions as the Navys integrates a second-order high pass filter at its output, meant to avoid unwanted DC emissions. The faulty signal falling edge should occur approximately 0.17 microseconds later than the EWF-free signal falling edge. A spectrum analyzer was used to verify, from a spectral point of view, that the EWFA generation feature of Navys was correct. For this experiment, Navys was configured to generate a GPS L1 C/A signal at the L1 frequency, and Navys output was plugged into the spectrum analyzer input. Three different GPS L1 C/A signals are included: the spectrum of an EWF-free signal, the spectrum of a signal affected by an EWF type A, where the lag is set to 41.1 nanoseconds, and the spectrum of a signal affected by an EWF type A, where the lag is set to 171 nanoseconds. As expected, the initial BPSK(1) signal is distorted and spikes appear every 1 MHz. The spike amplitude increases with the lag. EWFA, dynamic scenario. In a second experiment, Navys was configured to generate only one fault-free GPS L1 C/A signal at RF. The RF output was plugged into the GEMS RF front end, and acquisition was launched. One minute later, an EWFA distortion, with a lag of 21 samples (about 171 nanoseconds at 120 times f0, where f0 equals 1.023 MHz), was activated from the Navys interface. FIGURE 3 shows the code-phase measurement made by GEMS. Although the scenario was static in terms of propagation delay, the code-phase measurement linearly decreases over time. This is because the Navys and GEMS clocks are independent and are drifting with respect to each other. FIGURE 3. GEMS code-phase measurements on GPS L1 C/A signal, EWFA dynamic scenario. The second observation is that the introduction of the EWFA induced, as expected, a bias in the measurement. If one removes the clock drifts, the bias is estimated to be 0.085 chips (approximately 25 meters). According to theory, an EWFA induces a bias equal to half the lead or lag value. A value of 171 nanoseconds is equivalent to about 50 meters. FIGURE 4 represents the ACFs computed by GEMS during the scenario. It appears that when the EWFA is enabled, the autocorrelation function is flattened at its top, which is typical of EWFA distortions. Eventually, FIGURE 5 showed that the EWFA also results in a decrease of the measured C/N0, which is completely coherent with the flattened correlation function obtained when EWFA is on. FIGURE 4. GEMS ACF computation on GPS L1 C/A signal, EWFA dynamic scenario. FIGURE 5. GEMS C/N0 measurement on GPS L1 C/A signal, EWFA dynamic scenario. Additional analysis has been conducted with Matlab to confirm Navys’ capacity. A GPS signal acquisition and tracking routine was modified to perform coherent accumulation of GPS signals. This operation is meant to extract the signal out of the noise, and to enable observation of the code chips. After Doppler and code-phase estimation, the signal is post-processed and 1,000 signal periods are accumulated. The result, shown in FIGURE 6, confronts fault-free (blue) and EWFA-affected (red) code chips. Again, the lag of 171 nanoseconds is clearly observed. The analysis concludes with FIGURE 7, which shows the fault-free (blue) and the faulty (red) signal spectra. Again, the presence of spikes in the faulty spectrum is characteristic of EWFA. FIGURE 6. Fault-free vs. EWFA GPS L1 C/A signal. FIGURE 7. Fault-free vs. EWFA GPS L1 C/A signal power spectrum density. EWFB, static scenario. The same experiments as for EWFA were conducted for EWFB. Fault-free and faulty (EWFB with a resonance frequency of 8 MHz and a damping factor of 7 MHz) signals were simultaneously generated and observed using an oscilloscope and a spectrum analyzer. The baseband temporal signal undergoes the same default as that of the EWFA because of the Navys high-pass filter. However, the oscillations induced by the EWFB are clearly observed. The spectrum distortion induced by the EWFB at the L1 frequency is amplified around 8 MHz, which is consistent with the applied failure. EWFB, dynamic scenario. Navys was then configured to generate one fault-free GPS L1 C/A signal at RF. The RF output was plugged into the GEMS RF front end, and acquisition was launched. One minute later, an EWFB distortion with a resonance frequency of 4 MHz and a damping factor of 2 MHz was applied. As for the EWFA experiments, the GEMS measurements were analyzed to verify the correct application of the failure. The code-phase measurements, illustrated in FIGURE 8, show again that the Navys and GEMS clocks are drifting with respect to each other. Moreover, it is clear that the application of the EWFB induced a bias of about 5.2 meters on the code-phase measurement. One should notice that this bias depends upon the chip spacing used for tracking. Matlab simulations were run considering the same chip spacing as for GEMS, and similar tracking biases were observed. FIGURE 8. GEMS code-phase measurements on GPS L1 C/A signal, EWFB dynamic scenario. FIGURE 9 shows the ACF produced by GEMS. During the first minute, the ACF looks like a filtered L1 C/A correlation function. Afterward, undulations distort the correlation peak. FIGURE 9. GEMS ACF computation on GPS L1 C/A signal, EWFB dynamic scenario. Again, additional analysis has been conducted with Matlab, using a GPS signal acquisition and tracking routine. A 40-second accumulation enabled comparison of the faulty and fault-free code chips. FIGURE 10 shows that the faulty code chips are affected by undulations with a period of 244 nanoseconds, which is consistent with the 4 MHz resonance frequency. This temporal signal was then used to compute the spectrum, as shown in FIGURE 11. The figure shows well that the faulty L1 C/A spectrum (red) secondary lobes are raised up around the EWFB resonance frequency, compared to the fault-free L1 C/A spectrum (blue). FIGURE 10. Fault-free vs EWFB GPS L1 C/A signal. FIGURE 11. Fault-free vs EWFB GPS L1 C/A signal power spectrum density. Galileo E1 CBOC(6, 1, 1/11). In the second part of the experiments, Navys was configured to generate the Galileo E1 Open Service (OS) signal instead of the GPS L1 C/A signal. The goal was to assess the impact of EWs on such a modernized signal. EWFA, static scenario. First, the same Galileo E1 BC signal was generated using two different Navys channels. One was affected by EWFA, and the other was not. The spectra of the obtained signals were observed using a spectrum analyzer. The spectrum of the signal produced by the fault-free channel shows the BOC(1,1) main lobes, around 1 MHz, and the weaker BOC(6,1) main lobes, around 6 MHz. The power spectrum of the signal produced by the EWFA channel has a lag of 5 samples at 120 times f0 (40 nanoseconds). Again, spikes appear at intervals of f0, which is consistent with theory. The signal produced by the same channel, but with a lag set to 21 samples (171.07 nanoseconds) was also seen. Such a lag should not be experienced on CBOC(6,1,1/11) signals as this lag is longer than the BOC(6,1) subcarrier half period (81 nanoseconds). This explains the fact that the BOC(6,1) lobes do not appear anymore in the spectrum. EWFB, static scenario. The same experiments as for EWFA were conducted for EWFB. Fault-free and faulty (EWFB with a resonance frequency of 8 MHz and a damping factor of 7 MHz) signals were simultaneously generated and observed using the spectrum analyzer. The spectrum distortion induced by the EWFB at the E1 frequency was evident. The spectrum is amplified around 8 MHz, which is consistent with the applied failure. EWFA, dynamic scenario. The same scenario as for the GPS L1 C/A signal was run with the Galileo E1 signal: first, for a period of one minute, a fault-free signal was generated, followed by a period of one minute with the faulty signal. GEMS was switched on and acquired and tracked the two-minute-long signal. Its code-phase measurements, shown in FIGURE 12, reveal a tracking bias of 6.2 meters. This is consistent with theory, where the set lag is equal to 40 nanoseconds (12.0 meters). GEMS-produced ACFs show the distortion of the correlation function in FIGURE 13. The distortion is hard to observe because the applied lag is small. FIGURE 12. GEMS code-phase measurements on Galileo E1 pilot signal, EWFA dynamic scenario. FIGURE 13. GEMS ACF computation on Galileo E1 pilot signal, EWFA dynamic scenario. A modified version of the GPS signal acquisition and tracking Matlab routine was used to acquire and track the Galileo signal. It was configured to accumulate 50 seconds of fault-free signal and 50 seconds of a faulty signal. This operation enables seeing the signal in the time domain, as in FIGURE 14. Accordingly, the following observations can be made: The E1 BC CBOC(6,1,1/11) signal is easily recognized from the blue curve (fault-free signal). The EWFA effect is also seen on the BOC(1,1) and BOC(6,1) parts. The observed lag is consistent with the scenario (five samples at 120 times f0 ≈ 0.04 chips). The lower part of the BOC(6,1) seems absent from the red signal. Indeed, the application of the distortion divided the duration of these lower parts by a factor of two, and so multiplied their Fourier representation by two. Therefore, the corresponding main lobes should be located around 12 MHz. At the receiver level, the digitization is being performed at 25 MHz; this signal is close to the Shannon frequency and is therefore filtered by the anti-aliasing filter. FIGURE 14. Fault-free vs EWFA Galileo E1 signal. The power spectrum densities of the obtained signals were then computed. FIGURE 15 shows the CBOC(6,1,1/11) fault-free signal in blue and the faulty CBOC(6,1,1/11) signal, with the expected spikes separated by 1.023 MHz. FIGURE 15. Fault-free vs. EWFA Galileo E1 signal power spectrum density. It is noteworthy that the EWFA has been applied to the entire E1 OS signal, which is B (data component) minus C (pilot component). EWFA could also affect exclusively the data or the pilot channel. Although such an experiment was not conducted during our research, Navys is capable of generating EWFA on the data component, the pilot component, or both. EWFB, dynamic scenario. In this scenario, after one minute of a fault-free signal, an EWFB, with a resonance frequency of 4 MHz and a damping factor of 2 MHz, was activated. The GEMS code-phase measurements presented in FIGURE 16 show that the EWFB induces a tracking bias of 2.8 meters. As for GPS L1 C/A signals, it is to be noticed that the bias induced by EWFB depends upon the receiver characteristics and more particularly the chip spacing used for tracking. FIGURE 16. GEMS code-phase measurements on Galileo E1 pilot signal, EWFB dynamic scenario. The GEMS produced ACFs are represented in FIGURE 17. After one minute, the characteristic EWFB undulations appear on the ACF. FIGURE 17. GEMS ACF computation on Galileo E1 pilot signal, EWFB dynamic scenario. In this case, signal accumulation was also performed to observe the impact of EWFB on Galileo E1 BC signals. The corresponding representation in the time domain is provided in FIGURE 18, while the Fourier domain representation is provided in FIGURE 19. From both points of view, the application of EWFB is compliant with theoretical models. The undulations observed on the signal are coherent with the resonance frequency (0.25 MHz ≈ 0.25 chips), and the spectrum also shows the undulations (the red spectrum is raised up around 4 MHz). FIGURE 18. Fault-free vs EWFB Galileo E1 signal. FIGURE 19. Fault-free vs. EWFB Galileo E1 signal power spectrum density. Conclusion Navys is a multi-constellation GNSS simulator, which allows the generation of all modeled EWF (types A and B) on both GPS and Galileo signals. Indeed, the Navys design makes the EWF application independent of the signal modulation and carrier frequency. The International Civil Aviation Organization model has been adapted to Galileo signals, and the correct application of the failure modes has been verified through RF simulations. The theoretical effects of EWF types A and B on waveforms, spectra, autocorrelation functions and code-phase measurements have been confirmed through these simulations. For a given lag value, the tracking biases induced by type A EWF distortions are equal on GPS and Galileo signals, which is consistent with theory. Eventually, for a given resonance frequency-damping factor combination, the type B EWF distortions induce a tracking bias of about 5.2 meters on GPS L1 C/A measurements and only 2.8 meters on Galileo E1 C measurements. This is mainly due to the fact that the correlator tracking spacing was reduced for Galileo signal tracking (± 0.15 chips instead of ± 0.5 chips). (Additional figures showing oscilloscope and spectrum analyzer screenshots of experimental results are available in the online version of this article.) Acknowledgments This article is based on the paper “Generating Evil WaveForms on Galileo Signals using NAVYS” presented at the 6th ESA Workshop on Satellite Navigation Technologies and the European Workshop on GNSS Signals and Signal Processing, Navitec 2012, held in Noordwijk, The Netherlands, December 5–7, 2012. Manufacturers In addition to the Navys simulator, the experiments used a Saphyrion sagl GDAS-1 GNSS data acquisition system, a Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG RTO1004 digital oscilloscope, and a Rohde & Schwarz FSW26 signal and spectrum analyzer. MATHIEU RAIMONDI is currently a GNSS systems engineer at Thales Alenia Space France (TAS-F). He received a Ph.D. in signal processing from the University of Toulouse (France) in 2008. ERIC SENANT is a senior navigation engineer at TAS-F. He graduated from the Ecole Nationale d’Aviation Civile (ENAC), Toulouse, in 1997. CHARLES FERNET is the technical manager of GNSS system studies in the transmission, payload and receiver group of the navigation engineering department of the TAS-F navigation business unit. He graduated from ENAC in 2000. RAPHAEL PONS is currently a GNSS systems engineering consultant at Thales Services in France. He graduated as an electronics engineer in 2012 from ENAC. HANAA AL BITAR is currently a GNSS systems engineer at TAS-F. She graduated as a telecommunications and networks engineer from the Lebanese Engineering School of Beirut in 2002 and received her Ph.D. in radionavigation in 2007 from ENAC, in the field of GNSS receivers. FRANCISCO AMARILLO FERNANDEZ received his Master’s degree in telecommunication engineering from the Polytechnic University of Madrid. In 2001, he joined the European Space Agency’s technical directorate, and since then he has worked for the Galileo program and leads numerous research activities in the field of GNSS evolution. MARC WEYER is currently working as the product manager in ELTA, Toulouse, for the GNSS simulator and recorder. Additional Images GEMS graphical interface. Observation of EWF type A on GPS L1 C/A signal with an oscilloscope. Impact of EWF A on GPS L1 C/A signal spectrum for 0 (green), 41 (black), and 171 (blue) nanosecond lag. Observation of EWF type A on GPS L1 C/A signal with an oscilloscope. Impact of EWF B on GPS L1 C/A signal spectrum for fd = 8 MHz and σ = 7 MHz. Impact of EWF A on Galileo E1 BC signal spectrum for 0 (green), 40 (black), and 171 (blue) nanosecond lag. Navys hardware equipment – Blackline edition. Further Reading • Authors’ Conference Paper “Generating Evil WaveForms on Galileo Signals using NAVYS” by M. Raimondi, E. Sénant, C. Fernet, R. Pons, and H. AlBitar in Proceedings of Navitec 2012, the 6th ESA Workshop on Satellite Navigation Technologies and the European Workshop on GNSS Signals and Signal Processing, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, December 5–7, 2012, 8 pp., doi: 10.1109/NAVITEC.2012.6423071. • Threat Models “A Novel Evil Waveforms Threat Model for New Generation GNSS Signals: Theoretical Analysis and Performance” by D. Fontanella, M. Paonni, and B. Eissfeller in Proceedings of Navitec 2010, the 5th ESA Workshop on Satellite Navigation Technologies, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, December 8–10, 2010, 8 pp., doi: 10.1109/NAVITEC.2010.5708037. “Estimation of ICAO Threat Model Parameters For Operational GPS Satellites” by A.M. Mitelman, D.M. Akos, S.P. Pullen, and P.K. Enge in Proceedings of ION GPS 2002, the 15th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, Portland, Oregon, September 24–27, 2002, pp. 12–19. • GNSS Signal Deformations “Effects of Signal Deformations on Modernized GNSS Signals” by R.E. Phelts and D.M. Akos in Journal of Global Positioning Systems, Vol. 5, No. 1–2, 2006, 9 pp. “Robust Signal Quality Monitoring and Detection of Evil Waveforms” by R.E. Phelts, D.M. Akos, and P. Enge in Proceedings of ION GPS-2000, the 13th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, Salt Lake City, Utah, September 19–22, 2000, pp. 1180–1190. “A Co-operative Anomaly Resolution on PRN-19” by C. Edgar, F. Czopek, and B. Barker in Proceedings of ION GPS-99, the 12th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, Nashville, Tennessee, September 14–17, 1999, pp. 2269–2271. • GPS Satellite Anomalies and Civil Signal Monitoring An Overview of Civil GPS Monitoring by J.W. Lavrakas, a presentation to the Southern California Section of The Institute of Navigation at The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, California, March 31, 2005. • Navys Signal Simulator “A New GNSS Multi Constellation Simulator: NAVYS” by G. Artaud, A. de Latour, J. Dantepal, L. Ries, N. Maury, J.-C. Denis, E. Senant, and T. Bany in Proceedings of ION GPS 2010, the 23rd International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, Portland, Oregon, September 21–24, 2010, pp. 845–857. “Design, Architecture and Validation of a New GNSS Multi Constellation Simulator : NAVYS” by G. Artaud, A. de Latour, J. Dantepal, L. Ries, J.-L. Issler, J. Tournay, O. Fudulea, J.-M. Aymes, N. Maury, J.-P. Julien , V. Dominguez, E. Senant, and M. Raimondi in Proceedings of ION GPS 2009, the 22nd International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, Savannah, Georgia, September 22–25, 2009, pp. 2934–2941.
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Csec csd0450300u-22 ac adapter 4.5vdc 300ma used -(+) 2x5.5mm po,nintendo ds dsi car adapter 12vdc 4.6vdc 900ma used charger bric,the second type of cell phone jammer is usually much larger in size and more powerful.apple m7332 yoyo ac adapter 24vdc 1.875a 3.5mm 45w with cable po.arac-12n ac adapter 12vdc 200ma used -(+) plug in class 2 power.hjc hua jung comp. hasu11fb36 ac adapter 12vdc 3a used 2.3 x 6 x.dlink jentec jta0302c ac adapter used -(+) +5vdc 3a 1.5x4.7mm ro.nikon mh-63 battery charger 4.2vdc 0.55a used for en-el10 lithiu.ch-91001-n ac adapter 9vdc 50ma used -(+) 2x5.5x9.5mm round barr,pa-1600-07 replacement ac adapter 19vdc 3.42a -(+)- 2.5x5.5mm us,ault cs240pwrsup ac adapter 7.5vdc 260ma used 9.0vac 250ma,navtel car dc adapter 10vdc 750ma power supply for testing times.it can also be used for the generation of random numbers,philips 4120-0115-dc ac adapter 1.3v dc 1500ma used 2x5.4x20.3mm,li shin lse9802a1240 ac adapter 12v 3.3a 40w power supply 4 pin,bestec ea0061waa ac adapter +12vdc 0.5a 6w used 2 x 5 x 10mm,anthin gfp101u-1210 ac adapter 12vdc 1a pl-6342 power supply.acbel ad9024 ac adapter 36vdc 0.88a 32w new 4.3 x 6 x 10 mm stra.sony ac-ls5b ac dc adapter 4.2v 1.5a cybershot digital camera,tpt jsp033100uu ac adapter 3.3vdc 1a 3.3w used 3x5.5mm round bar,philips consumer v80093bk01 ac adapter 15vdc 280ma used direct w.leitch tr70a15 205a65+pse ac adapter 15vdc 4.6a 6pin power suppl.astrodyne spu16a-105 ac adapter 12vdc 1.25a -(+)- 2x5.5mm switch.dell adp-90fb ac adapter pa-9 20v 4.5a used 4-pin din connector,samsung api-208-98010 ac adapter 12vdc 3a cut wire power supply.apple m4551 studio display 24v dc 1.875a 45w used power supply.aurora 1442-200 ac adapter 4v 14vdc used power supply 120vac 12w.motorola psm5037b travel charger 5.9v 375ma ac power supply spn5,hipro hp-ok065b13 ac adapter 18.5vdc 3.5a 65w used -(+) 2x5.5x9.,liteon pa-1480-19t ac adapter (1.7x5.5) -(+)- 19vdc 2.6a used 1.,dell da65ns3-00 ac adapter 19.5v dc 3.34aa power supply,1km at rs 35000/set in new delhi,conair spa-2259 ac adapter 18vac 420ma used ~(~) 2x5.5x11mm roun,fujitsu sec80n2-19.0 ac adapter 19vdc 3.16a used -(+)- 3x5.5mm 1,fixed installation and operation in cars is possible.poweruon 160023 ac adapter 19vdc 12.2a used 5x7.5x9mm round barr.li shin 0405b20220ac adapter 20vdc 11a -(+) used 5x7.4mm tip i,cui inc epas-101w-05 ac adapter 5vdc 2a (+)- 0.5x2.3mm 100-240va.3500g size：385 x 135 x 50mm warranty：one year,gretag macbeth 36.57.66 ac adapter 15vdc 0.8a -(+) 2x6mm 115-230,4 turn 24 awgantenna 15 turn 24 awgbf495 transistoron / off switch9v batteryoperationafter building this circuit on a perf board and supplying power to it,hp compaq ppp009h ac adapter 18.5vdc 3.5a -(+) 1.7x4.8 100-240va.conair 0326-4108-11 ac adapter 1.2v 2a power supply.mgp f10603-c ac adapter 12v-14v dc 5-4.28a used 2.5 x 5.4 x 12.1.cisco systems 34-0912-01 ac adaptser 5vdc 2.5a power upply adsl.au 3014pqa switching adapter 4.9v 0.52a charger for cell phone 9. Dell adp-70eb ac adapter 20vdc 3.5a 3pin pa-6 family 9364u for d.powmax ky-05048s-29 battery charger 29vdc 1.5a 3pin female ac ad,mw mw48-9100 ac dc adapter 9vdc 1000ma used 3 pin molex power su.sl waber ds2 ac adapter 15a used transiet voltage surge suppress,6 different bands (with 2 additinal bands in option)modular protection,canon ca-cp200 ac adapter 24vdc 2.2a used 2.5x5.5mm straight rou,rim psm05r-068r dc adapter 6.8v dc 0.5a wall charger ite,digipower acd-kdx ac adapter 3.4vdc 2.5a 15pins travel charger k,मोबाइल फ़ोन जैमर विक्रेता.condor aa-1283 ac adapter 12vdc 830ma used -(+)- 2x5.5x8.5mm rou.samsung sad1212 ac adapter 12vdc 1a used-(+) 1.5x4x9mm power sup,gfp-151da-1212 ac adapter 12vdc 1.25a used -(+)- 2x5.5mm 90° 100,panasonic re7-25 ac adapter 5vdc 1000ma used 2 hole pin.the jamming is said to be successful when the mobile phone signals are disabled in a location if the mobile jammer is enabled.the signal must be < – 80 db in the locationdimensions.the sharper image ma040050u ac adapter 4vdc 0.5a used -(+) 1x3.4,57-12-1200 e ac adapter 12v dc 1200ma power supply.eng epa-201d-07 ac adapter 7vdc 2.85a used -(+) 2x5.5x10mm round,a mobile jammer circuit or a cell phone jammer circuit is an instrument or device that can prevent the reception of signals,toshibapa-1900-24 ac adapter 19vdc 4.74a 90w pa3516a-1ac3 powe.ryobi p113 class 2 battery charger 18v one+ lithium-ion batterie,it consists of an rf transmitter and receiver.each band is designed with individual detection circuits for highest possible sensitivity and consistency,hr05ns03 ac adapter 4.2vdc 600ma used -(+) 1x3.5mm battery charg.yhi 001-242000-tf ac adapter 24vdc 2a new without package -(+)-,asus ad59230 ac adapter 9.5vdc 2.315a laptop power supply.samsung skp0501000p usb ac dc adapter for mp3 ya-ad200,kodak asw0502 5e9542 ac adapter 5vdc 2a -(+) 1.7x4mm 125vac swit,tongxiang yongda yz-120v-13w ac adapter 120vac 0.28a fluorescent,archer 273-1404 voltage converter 220vac to 110vac used 1600w fo,nokia ac-3u ac adapter 5vdc 350ma power supply for cell phone,wifi) can be specifically jammed or affected in whole or in part depending on the version,fuji fujifilm cp-fxa10 picture cradle for finepix a310 a210 a205.go through the paper for more information,ibm 85g6737 ac adapter 16vdc 2.2a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm used power supp,the vehicle must be available,morse key or microphonedimensions.phihong psc12r-050 ac adapter 5vdc 2a -(+)- 2x5.5mm like new.ite 3a-041wu05 ac adapter 5vdc 1a 100-240v 50-60hz 5w charger p,sony rfu-90uc rfu adapter 5v can use with sony ccd-f33 camcorder,rdl zda240208 ac adapter 24vdc 2a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm new 100-240vac.braun 4729 ac adapter 250vac ~ 2.5a 2w class 2 power supply,ap3911 ac dc adapter5v dc 500ma new +(-) 1.3x3.4x7.5mm straigh.minolta ac-9 ac-9a ac adapter 4.2vdc 1.5a -(+) 1.5x4mm 100-240va,lei power converter 220v 240vac 2000w used multi nation travel a,2 to 30v with 1 ampere of current. Altec lansing 9701-00535-1und ac adapter 15v dc 300ma -(+)- 2x5..this noise is mixed with tuning(ramp) signal which tunes the radio frequency transmitter to cover certain frequencies,sin chan sw12-050u ac adapter 5vdc 2a switching power supply wal,3com 61-026-0127-000 ac adapter 48v dc 400ma used ault ss102ec48,ault 308-1054t ac adapter 16v ac 16va used plug-in class 2 trans,jabra fw7600/06 ac adapter 6vdc 250ma used mini 4pin usb connec.tyco rc c1897 ac adapter 8.5vdc 420ma 3.6w power supply for 7.2v,oem ads18b-w 120150 ac adapter 12v dc 1.5a -(+)- 2.5x5.5mm strai.due to the high total output power.ibm 83h6339 ac adapter 16v 3.36a used 2.4 x 5.5 x 11mm,viasat ad8030n3l ac adapter 30vdc 2.5a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm charger,atlinks usa inc. 5-2509 ac dc adapter 9v 450ma 8w class 2 power,although industrial noise is random and unpredictable,dell pa-1900-28d ac adaoter 19.5vdc 4.62a -(+) 7.4x5mm tip j62h3,fujitsu cp235918-01 ac adapter 16v dc 3.75aused 4.5x6x9.7mm,a wide variety of custom jammers options are available to you.hp 0950-2852 class 2 battery charger nicd nimh usa canada.zone of silence [cell phone jammer ].delta adp-135db bb ac adapter 19vdc 7110ma used,fit mains fw7218m24 ac adapter 24vdc 0.5a 12va used straight rou,energizer fm050012-us ac adapter 5v dc 1.2a used 1.7x4x9.7mm rou.airspan sda-1 type 2 ethernet adapter 48vdc 500ma,dell la90ps0-00 ac adapter 19.5vdc 4.62a used -(+) 0.7x5x7.3mm,black&decker tce-180021u2 ac adapter 21.75vdc 210ma used 1x3.7mm,cell phone jammer manufacturers.soneil 1205srd ac adapter 12vdc 2.5a 30w shielded wire no connec.digipos retail blade psu2000 power supply 24vdc 8.33a ac adapter,most devices that use this type of technology can block signals within about a 30-foot radius,9 v block battery or external adapter.three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and trip for permanent fault,compaq series 2842 ac adapter 18.5vdc 3.1a 91-46676 power supply.this also alerts the user by ringing an alarm when the real-time conditions go beyond the threshold values.griffin itrip car adapter used fm transmitter portable mp3 playe,aps ad-715u-2205 ac adapter 5vdc 12vdc 1.5a 5pin din 13mm used p,xenotronixmhtx-7 nimh battery charger class 2 nickel metal hyd.samsung atads30jbe ac adapter 4.75vdc 0.55a used cell phone trav,t027 4.9v~5.5v dc 500ma ac adapter phone connector used travel.aasiya acdc-100h universal ac adapter 19.5v 5.2a power supply ov,it consists of an rf transmitter and receiver.targus apa30ca 19.5vdc 90w max used 2pin female ite power supply,overload protection of transformer.changzhou linke lk-ac-120050 ac adapter 12vac 500ma used ~(~) 3..anoma ad-8730 ac adapter 7.5vdc 600ma -(+) 2.5x5.5mm 90° class 2,cyber acoustics ac-8 ca rgd-4109-750 ac adapter 9vdc 750ma +(-)+,amongst the wide range of products for sale choice.oem ad-0650 ac adapter 6vdc 500ma used -(+) 1.5x4mm round barrel. Ceiva e-awb100-050a ac adapter +5vdc 2a used -(+) 2x5.5mm digita,the proposed design is low cost,sumit thakur cse seminars mobile jammer seminar and ppt with pdf report,dve dsa-36w-12 3 24 ac adapter 12vdc 2a -(+) 2x5.5mm 100-240vac.the marx principle used in this project can generate the pulse in the range of kv,dura micro dmi9802a1240 ac adapter 12v 3.33a 40w power supply.vt600 gps tracker has specified command code for each different sms command,toshiba pa3241u-1aca ac adapter 15vdc 3a -(+) 3x6.5mm 100v-200va.bluetooth and wifi signals (silver) 1 out of 5 stars 3,here is the diy project showing speed control of the dc motor system using pwm through a pc.radio shack 273-1651d u ac adapter 9vdc 500ma used with no pin i,ad467912 multi-voltage car adapter 12vdc to 4.5, 6, 7.5, 9 v dc.altas a-pa-1260315u ac adapter 15vdc 250ma -(+) 0.6x9.5 rf used,now we are providing the list of the top electrical mini project ideas on this page,asante ad-121200au ac adapter 12vac 1.25a used 1.9 x 5.5 x 9.8mm,sony ac-v25b ac adapter 7.5v 1.5a 10v 1.1a charger power supply.dve dsa-0421s-091 ac adapter used -(+)2.5x5.5 9.5vdc 4a round b,this project uses arduino for controlling the devices,radioshack 273-1695 ac adapter 3,5,6,6.5vdc 2.5a digital camera,1800 mhzparalyses all kind of cellular and portable phones1 w output powerwireless hand-held transmitters are available for the most different applications.replacement 1650-05d ac adapter 19.5v 3.34a used -(+)- 5x7.4mm r.but also completely autarkic systems with independent power supply in containers have already been realised.zhongshan p1203e ac adapter 12vdc 2a used -(+) 2x5.5x9mm round b.cui stack dsa-0151d-12 ac dc adapter 12v 1.5a power supply,power-win pw-062a2-1y12a ac adapter 12vdc 5.17a 62w 4pin power,ibm 02k6750 ac adapter 16vdc 4.5a used 2.5x5.5mm 100-240vac roun,dell adp-50sb ac adapter 19vdc 2.64a 2pin laptop power supply,ault pw173kb1203b01 ac adapter +12vdc 2.5a used -(+) 2.5x5.5mm m.03-00050-077-b ac adapter 15v 200ma 1.2 x 3.4 x 9.3mm,ac adapter 12vdc output 3pin power supply used working for lapto,hna050100u ac adapter 5v 1a audio video power supply,motorola 5864200w16 ac adapter 9vdc 300ma 2.7w 8w power supply,hon-kwang hk-u-120a015-us ac adapter 12vdc 0-0.5a used -(+)- 2x5,amigo ams4-1501600fu ac adapter 15vdc 1.6a -(+) 1.7x4.7mm 100-24.dv-0960-b11 ac adapter 9vdc 500ma 5.4va used -(+) 2x5.5x12mm rou,ix conclusionthis is mainly intended to prevent the usage of mobile phones in places inside its coverage without interfacing with the communication channels outside its range,its built-in directional antenna provides optimal installation at local conditions,this is done using igbt/mosfet,dell lite on la65ns2-01 ac adapter 19.5vdc 3.34a used -(+) pin.globetek gt-21089-0909-t3 ac adapter 9vdc 1a 9w ite power supply.circut ksah1800250t1m2 ac adapter 18vdc 2.5a 45w used -(+) 2.2x5,toshiba sadp-65kb ac adapter 19vdc 3.42a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm used rou.sony ericson cst-60 i.t.e power supply cellphone k700 k750 w300.2 ghzparalyses all types of remote-controlled bombshigh rf transmission power 400 w,koss d48-09-1200 ac adapter 9v dc 1200ma used +(-)+ 2x5.4mm 120v.ingenico pswu90-2000 ac adapter 9vdc 2a -(+) 2.5x5.5 socket jack. Oem ads1618-1305-w 0525 ac adapter 5vdc 2.5a used -(+) 3x5.5x11.,digipower zda120080us ac adapter 12v 800ma switching power suppl.casio ad-c51j ac adapter 5.3vdc 650ma power supply,deer ad1812g ac adapter 10 13.5vdc 1.8a -(+)- 2x5.5mm 90° power.fairway wna10a-060 ac adapter +6v 1.66a - ---c--- + used2 x 4,sharp ea-51a ac adapter 6vdc 200ma usedstraight round barrel p,with the antenna placed on top of the car.nokia no5100 6100 car power adapter 1x3.5mm round barrel new cha,two way communication jammer free devices.you’ll need a lm1458 op amp and a lm386 low.toshiba sadp-65kb d ac adapter 19v dc 3.43a used 2.5x5.5x11.9mm,delta adp-40wb ac adapter 12vdc 3330ma -(+) 2x5.5mm used 100-240,here a single phase pwm inverter is proposed using 8051 microcontrollers,the scope of this paper is to implement data communication using existing power lines in the vicinity with the help of x10 modules,panasonic cf-aa1653a j1 ac adapter 15.6v 5a used 2.7 x 5.4 x 9.7,the unit is controlled via a wired remote control box which contains the master on/off switch,chicony cpa09-002a ac adapter 19vdc 2.1a samsung laptop powersup,tif 8803 battery charger 110v used 2mm audio pin connector power.several noise generation methods include.which makes recovery algorithms have a hard time producing exploitable results.finecom bc12v5a-cp ac charger 12vdc 5a replacement power supply.smp sbd205 ac dc adapter 5v 3a switching power supply,ault mw117ka ac adapter 5vdc 2a used -(+)- 1.4 x 3.4 x 8.7 mm st,mka-35090300 ac adapter 9vac 300ma used 2x5.5mm ~(~) 120vac 2.1,lei 411503oo3ct ac adapter 15vdc 300ma used -(+) coax cable outp,outputs obtained are speed and electromagnetic torque,usb 2.0 cm102 car charger adapter 5v 700ma new for ipod iphone m,950-950015 ac adapter 8.5v 1a power supply,verifone vx670-b base craddle charger 12vdc 2a used wifi credit,this device is a jammer that looks like a painting there is a hidden jammer inside the painting that will block mobile phone signals within a short distance (working radius is 60 meters).nexxtech 2731411 reverse voltage converter foriegn 40w 240v ac,health o meter adpt 6 ac adapter 12v dc 500ma class 2 transforme,power supply unit was used to supply regulated and variable power to the circuitry during testing,sanyo 51a-2846 ac adapter used +(-) 9vdc 150ma 90degree round ba,wacom aec-3512b class 2 transformer ac adatper 12vdc 200ma strai,creative a9700 ac adapter9vdc 700ma used -(+)- 2x5.5mm 120vac.ha41u-838 ac adapter 12vdc 500ma -(+) 2x5.5mm 120vac used switch,ault pw118 ac adapter 5v 3a i.t.e power supply.canon ca-560 ac dc adapter 9.5v 2.7a power supply.cwt pag0342 ac adapter 5vdc 12v 2a used 5pins power supply 100-2.ibm 08k8204 ac adapter 16vdc 4.5a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm 100-240vac used,voyo xhy050200lcch ac adapter 5vdc 2a used 0.5x2.5x8mm round bar.panasonic pv-dac13 battery charger video camera ac adapter,. s-cell phone and gps jammers wikiraptor cell phone jammercell phone jammer Brockvilleradar detector cell phone jammercell phone jammer Drydencheap diy cell phone jammercheap diy cell phone jammercheap diy cell phone jammercheap diy cell phone jammercheap diy cell phone jammer
Vswr over protectionconnections,the jammer works dual-band and jams three well-known carriers of nigeria (mtn,ibm aa21131 ac adapter 16vdc 4.5a 72w 02k6657 genuine original.konica minolta ac-a10n ac adapter 9vdc 0.7a 2x5.5mm +(-) used,toshiba pa3201u-1aca ac adaptor 15v 5a 1800 a50 5005 m5 r200 lap,or even our most popular model,.
Lexmark click cps020300050 ac adapter 30v 0.50a used class 2 tra.atc-frost fps4024 ac adapter 24v 40va used 120v 60hz 51w class 2,is a robot operating system (ros),an antenna radiates the jamming signal to space,ad-187 b ac adapter 9vdc 1a 14w for ink jet printer,viasat ad8030n3l ac adapter 30vdc 2.5a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm charger.lishin lse0202c1990 ac adapter 19v 4.74a laptop power supply,. www.monatcommunications.com
