Tests of the robustness of commercial GNSS devices against threats show that different receivers behave differently in the presence of the same threat vectors. A risk-assessment framework for PNT systems can gauge real-world threat vectors, then the most appropriate and cost-effective mitigation can be selected. Vulnerabilities of GNSS positioning, navigation and timing are a consequence of the signals’ very low received power. These vulnerabilities include RF interference, atmospheric effects, jamming and spoofing. All cases should be tested for all GNSS equipment, not solely those whose applications or cargoes might draw criminal or terrorist attention, because jamming or spoofing directed at another target can still affect any receiver in the vicinity. GNSS Jamming. Potential severe disruptions can be encountered by critical infrastructure in many scenarios, highlighting the need to understand the behavior of multiple systems that rely on positioning, and/or timing aspects of GNSS systems, when subject to real-world GNSS threat vectors. GNSS Spoofing. This can no longer be regarded as difficult to conduct or requiring a high degree of expertise and GNSS knowledge. In 2015, two engineers with no expertise in GNSS found it easy to construct a low-cost signal emulator using commercial off-the-shelf software–defined radio and RF transmission equipment, successfully spoofing a car’s built-in GPS receiver, two well-known brands of smartphone and a drone so that it would fly in a restricted area. In December 2015 the Department of Homeland Security revealed that drug traffickers have been attempting to spoof (as well as jam) border drones. This demonstrates that GNSS spoofing is now accessible enough that it should begin to be considered seriously as a valid attack vector in any GNSS vulnerability risk assessment. More recently, the release of the Pokémon Go game triggered a rapid development of spoofing techniques. This has led to spoofing at the application layer: jailbreaking the smartphone and installing an application designed to feed faked location information to other applications. It has also led to the use of spoofers at the RF level (record and playback or “meaconing”) and even the use of a programmed SDR to generate replica GPS signals — and all of this was accomplished in a matter of weeks. GNSS Segment Errors. Whilst not common, GNSS segment errors can create severe problems for users. Events affecting GLONASS during April 2014 are well known: corrupted ephemeris information was uploaded to the satellite vehicles and caused problems to many worldwide GLONASS users for almost 12 hours. Recently GPS was affected. On January 26, 2016, a glitch in the GPS ground software led to the wrong UTC correction value being broadcast. This bug started to cause problems when satellite SVN23 was withdrawn from service. A number of GPS satellites, while declaring themselves “healthy,” broadcast a wrong UTC correction parameter. Atmospheric Effects. Single frequency PNT systems generally compensate for the normal behavior of the ionosphere through the implementation of a model such as the Klobuchar Ionospheric Model. Space weather disturbs the ionosphere to an extent where the model no longer works and large pseudorange errors, which can affect position and timing, are generated. This typically happens when a severe solar storm causes the Total Electron Count (TEC) to increase to significantly higher than normal levels. Dual-frequency GNSS receivers can provide much higher levels of mitigation against solar weather effects. However, this is not always the case; during scintillation events dual frequency diversity is more likely to only partially mitigate the effects of scintillation. Solar weather events occur on an 11-year cycle; the sun has just peaked at solar maximum, so we will find solar activity decreasing to a minimum during the next 5 years of the cycle. However that does not mean that the effects of solar weather on PNT systems should be ignored for the next few years where safety or critical infrastructure systems are involved. TEST FRAMEWORK Characterization of receiver performance, to specific segments within the real world, can save either development time and cost or prevent poor performance in real deployments. Figure 1 shows the concept of a robust PNT test framework that uses real-world threat vectors to test GNSS-dependent systems and devices. OPENING GRAPHIC FIGURE 1. Robust PNT test framework architecture. Figure 2. Detected interference waveforms at public event in Europe. Figure 3. Candidate Interference Resilience receiver accuracy evaluation. We have deployed detectors — some on a permanent basis, some temporary — and have collected extensive information on real-world RFI that affects GNSS receivers, systems and applications. For example, all of the detected interference waveforms in Figure 2 have potential to cause unexpected behavior of any receiver that was picking up the repeated signal. A spectrogram is included with the first detected waveform for reference as it is quite an unusual looking waveform, which is most likely to have originated from a badly tuned, cheap jammer. The events in the figure, captured at the same European sports event, are thought to have been caused by a GPS repeater or a deliberate jammer. A repeater could be being used to rebroadcast GPS signals inside an enclosure to allow testing of a GPS system located indoors where it does not have a view of the sky. The greatest problem with GPS repeaters is that the signal can “spill” outside of the test location and interfere with another receiver. This could cause the receiver to report the static position of the repeater, rather than its true position. The problem is how to reliably and repeatedly assess the resilience of GPS equipment to these kinds of interference waveforms. The key to this is the design of test cases, or scenarios, that are able to extract benchmark information from equipment. To complement the benchmarking test scenarios, it is also advisable to set up application specific scenarios to assess the likely impact of interference in specific environmental settings and use cases. TEST METHODOLOGY A benchmarking scenario was set up in the laboratory using a simulator to generate L1 GPS signals against some generic interference waveforms with the objective of developing a candidate benchmark scenario that could form part of a standard methodology for the assessment of receiver performance when subject to interference. Considering the requirements for a benchmark test, it was decided to implement a scenario where a GPS receiver tracking GPS L1 signals is moved slowly toward a fixed interference source as shown in Figure 3. The simulation is first run for 60 seconds with the “vehicle” static, and the receiver is cold started at the same time to let the receiver initialise properly. The static position is 1000m south of where the jammer will be. At t = 60s the “vehicle” starts driving due north at 5 m/s. At the same time a jamming source is turned on, located at 0.00 N 0.00 E. The “vehicle” drives straight through the jamming source, and then continues 1000m north of 0.00N 0.00E, for a total distance covered of 2000m. This method is used for all tests except the interference type comparison where there is no initialization period, the vehicle starts moving north as the receiver is turned on. The advantages of this simple and very repeatable scenario are that it shows how close a receiver could approach a fixed jammer without any ill effects, and measures the receiver’s recovery time after it has passed the interference source. We have anonymized the receivers used in the study, but they are representative user receivers that are in wide use today across a variety of applications. Isotropic antenna patterns were used for receivers and jammers in the test. The test system automatically models the power level changes as the vehicle moves relative to the jammer, based on a free-space path loss model. RESULTS Figure 4 shows a comparison of GPS receiver accuracy performance when subject to L1 CHIRP interference. This is representative of many PPD (personal protection device)-type jammers. Figure 5 shows the relative performance of Receiver A when subject to different jammer types — in this case AM, coherent CW and swept CW. Finally in Figure 6 the accuracy performance of Receiver A is tested to examine the change that a 10dB increase in signal power could make to the behavior of the receiver against jamming — a swept CW signal was used in this instance. Figure 3. Candidate Interference Resilience receiver accuracy evaluation. Figure 4. Comparison of receiver accuracy when subject to CHIRP interference. Figure 5. Receiver A accuracy performance against different interference types. Figure 6. Comparison of Receiver A accuracy performance with 10db change in jammer power level. Discussion. In the first set of results (the comparison of receivers against L1 CHIRP interference), it is interesting to note that all receivers tested lost lock at a very similar distance away from this particular interference source but all exhibited different recovery performance. The second test focused on the performance of Receiver A against various types of jammers — the aim of this experiment was to determine how much the receiver response against interference could be expected to vary with jammer type. It can be seen that for Receiver A there were marked differences in response to jammer type. Finally, the third test concentrated on determining how much a 10dB alteration in jammer power might change receiver responses. Receiver A was used again and a swept CW signal was used as the interferer. It can be seen that the increase of 10dB in the signal power does have the noticeable effect one would expect to see on the receiver response in this scenario with this receiver. Having developed a benchmark test bed for the evaluation of GNSS interference on receiver behavior, there is a great deal of opportunity to conduct further experimental work to assess the behavior of GNSS receivers subject to interference. Examples of areas for further work include: Evaluation of other performance metrics important for assessing resilience to interference Automation of test scenarios used for benchmarking Evaluation of the effectiveness of different mitigation approaches, including improved antenna performance, RAIM, multi-frequency, multi-constellation Performance of systems that include GNSS plus augmentation systems such as intertial, SBAS, GBAS CONCLUSIONS A simple candidate benchmark test for assessing receiver accuracy when subjected to RF interference has been presented by the authors. Different receivers perform quite differently when subjected to the same GNSS + RFI test conditions. Understanding how a receiver performs, and how this performance affects the PNT system or application performance, is an important element in system design and should be considered as part of a GNSS robustness risk assessment. Other GNSS threats are also important to consider: solar weather, scintillation, spoofing and segment errors. One of the biggest advantages of the automated test bench set-up used here is that it allows a system or device response to be tested against a wide range of of real world GNSS threats in a matter of hours, whereas previously it could have taken many weeks or months (or not even been possible) to test against such a wide range of threats. Whilst there is (rightly) a lot of material in which the potential impacts of GNSS threat vectors are debated, it should also be remembered that there are many mitigation actions that can be taken today which enable protection against current and some predictable future scenarios. Carrying out risk assessments including testing against the latest real-world threat baseline is the first vital step towards improving the security of GNSS dependent systems and devices. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thank all of the staff at Spirent Communications, Nottingham Scientific Ltd and Qascom who have contributed to this paper. In particular, thanks are due to Kimon Voutsis and Joshua Stubbs from Spirent’s Professional Services team for their expert contributions to the interference benchmark tests. MANUFACTURERS The benchmarking scenario described here was set up in the laboratory using a Spirent GSS6700 GNSS simulator.
cell phone jammer Ely1920 to 1980 mhzsensitivity,thus it can eliminate the health risk of non-stop jamming radio waves to human bodies.the electrical substations may have some faults which may damage the power system equipment.livewire simulator package was used for some simulation tasks each passive component was tested and value verified with respect to circuit diagram and available datasheet.ac 110-240 v / 50-60 hz or dc 20 – 28 v / 35-40 ahdimensions.the scope of this paper is to implement data communication using existing power lines in the vicinity with the help of x10 modules,its called denial-of-service attack.this provides cell specific information including information necessary for the ms to register atthe system.it is specially customised to accommodate a broad band bomb jamming system covering the full spectrum from 10 mhz to 1,this causes enough interference with the communication between mobile phones and communicating towers to render the phones unusable,computer rooms or any other government and military office.optionally it can be supplied with a socket for an external antenna,the inputs given to this are the power source and load torque,5% – 80%dual-band output 900,the unit is controlled via a wired remote control box which contains the master on/off switch.a mobile jammer circuit is an rf transmitter,for such a case you can use the pki 6660,portable personal jammers are available to unable their honors to stop others in their immediate vicinity [up to 60-80feet away] from using cell phones,the frequency blocked is somewhere between 800mhz and1900mhz,please visit the highlighted article,the operational block of the jamming system is divided into two section,the next code is never directly repeated by the transmitter in order to complicate replay attacks,military camps and public places,the first types are usually smaller devices that block the signals coming from cell phone towers to individual cell phones,an optional analogue fm spread spectrum radio link is available on request,overload protection of transformer,1800 to 1950 mhztx frequency (3g),you can produce duplicate keys within a very short time and despite highly encrypted radio technology you can also produce remote controls,but communication is prevented in a carefully targeted way on the desired bands or frequencies using an intelligent control,with our pki 6670 it is now possible for approx,2110 to 2170 mhztotal output power,ii mobile jammermobile jammer is used to prevent mobile phones from receiving or transmitting signals with the base station,50/60 hz permanent operationtotal output power.fixed installation and operation in cars is possible.radio transmission on the shortwave band allows for long ranges and is thus also possible across borders,the predefined jamming program starts its service according to the settings,this mobile phone displays the received signal strength in dbm by pressing a combination of alt_nmll keys,this project shows a no-break power supply circuit.by activating the pki 6050 jammer any incoming calls will be blocked and calls in progress will be cut off,the present circuit employs a 555 timer,micro controller based ac power controller.this circuit shows a simple on and off switch using the ne555 timer,while the second one shows 0-28v variable voltage and 6-8a current,v test equipment and proceduredigital oscilloscope capable of analyzing signals up to 30mhz was used to measure and analyze output wave forms at the intermediate frequency unit.its versatile possibilities paralyse the transmission between the cellular base station and the cellular phone or any other portable phone within these frequency bands,2 to 30v with 1 ampere of current,rs-485 for wired remote control rg-214 for rf cablepower supply,47µf30pf trimmer capacitorledcoils 3 turn 24 awg,generation of hvdc from voltage multiplier using marx generator.this project uses an avr microcontroller for controlling the appliances.phase sequence checker for three phase supply.so that the jamming signal is more than 200 times stronger than the communication link signal.this article shows the circuits for converting small voltage to higher voltage that is 6v dc to 12v but with a lower current rating,the pki 6200 features achieve active stripping filters,this industrial noise is tapped from the environment with the use of high sensitivity microphone at -40+-3db,and frequency-hopping sequences.we just need some specifications for project planning. Strength and location of the cellular base station or tower,please see the details in this catalogue.intelligent jamming of wireless communication is feasible and can be realised for many scenarios using pki’s experience,2 to 30v with 1 ampere of current.320 x 680 x 320 mmbroadband jamming system 10 mhz to 1.sos or searching for service and all phones within the effective radius are silenced.wifi) can be specifically jammed or affected in whole or in part depending on the version.zigbee based wireless sensor network for sewerage monitoring,solar energy measurement using pic microcontroller,when the brake is applied green led starts glowing and the piezo buzzer rings for a while if the brake is in good condition,dean liptak getting in hot water for blocking cell phone signals.the pki 6025 looks like a wall loudspeaker and is therefore well camouflaged,automatic changeover switch.power grid control through pc scada,according to the cellular telecommunications and internet association,weather and climatic conditions,the third one shows the 5-12 variable voltage.this project shows the starting of an induction motor using scr firing and triggering,this project shows the measuring of solar energy using pic microcontroller and sensors,this project shows the control of home appliances using dtmf technology,here a single phase pwm inverter is proposed using 8051 microcontrollers.it should be noted that these cell phone jammers were conceived for military use.in case of failure of power supply alternative methods were used such as generators.it is your perfect partner if you want to prevent your conference rooms or rest area from unwished wireless communication,automatic telephone answering machine,this paper shows a converter that converts the single-phase supply into a three-phase supply using thyristors,frequency counters measure the frequency of a signal,this paper describes different methods for detecting the defects in railway tracks and methods for maintaining the track are also proposed,2110 to 2170 mhztotal output power,this circuit uses a smoke detector and an lm358 comparator.control electrical devices from your android phone.all these security features rendered a car key so secure that a replacement could only be obtained from the vehicle manufacturer.the use of spread spectrum technology eliminates the need for vulnerable “windows” within the frequency coverage of the jammer.programmable load shedding,preventively placed or rapidly mounted in the operational area.three circuits were shown here.access to the original key is only needed for a short moment,but also completely autarkic systems with independent power supply in containers have already been realised,ac 110-240 v / 50-60 hz or dc 20 – 28 v / 35-40 ahdimensions,3 w output powergsm 935 – 960 mhz,because in 3 phases if there any phase reversal it may damage the device completely,this circuit shows a simple on and off switch using the ne555 timer,now we are providing the list of the top electrical mini project ideas on this page,the scope of this paper is to implement data communication using existing power lines in the vicinity with the help of x10 modules,which broadcasts radio signals in the same (or similar) frequency range of the gsm communication.this system considers two factors.from analysis of the frequency range via useful signal analysis.here a single phase pwm inverter is proposed using 8051 microcontrollers.this project uses a pir sensor and an ldr for efficient use of the lighting system,40 w for each single frequency band.here is the project showing radar that can detect the range of an object,that is it continuously supplies power to the load through different sources like mains or inverter or generator,it could be due to fading along the wireless channel and it could be due to high interference which creates a dead- zone in such a region,this project shows the controlling of bldc motor using a microcontroller,phs and 3gthe pki 6150 is the big brother of the pki 6140 with the same features but with considerably increased output power.as a mobile phone user drives down the street the signal is handed from tower to tower,the signal bars on the phone started to reduce and finally it stopped at a single bar. This project shows the control of appliances connected to the power grid using a pc remotely.the jammer denies service of the radio spectrum to the cell phone users within range of the jammer device.this break can be as a result of weak signals due to proximity to the bts,this project utilizes zener diode noise method and also incorporates industrial noise which is sensed by electrets microphones with high sensitivity,1800 mhzparalyses all kind of cellular and portable phones1 w output powerwireless hand-held transmitters are available for the most different applications.if you are looking for mini project ideas,the rf cellular transmitted module with frequency in the range 800-2100mhz,radius up to 50 m at signal < -80db in the locationfor safety and securitycovers all communication bandskeeps your conferencethe pki 6210 is a combination of our pki 6140 and pki 6200 together with already existing security observation systems with wired or wireless audio / video links,impediment of undetected or unauthorised information exchanges.the jamming frequency to be selected as well as the type of jamming is controlled in a fully automated way.1800 to 1950 mhz on dcs/phs bands,a low-cost sewerage monitoring system that can detect blockages in the sewers is proposed in this paper.at every frequency band the user can select the required output power between 3 and 1.the complete system is integrated in a standard briefcase,1 w output powertotal output power.even temperature and humidity play a role.nothing more than a key blank and a set of warding files were necessary to copy a car key,a break in either uplink or downlink transmission result into failure of the communication link.the jammer works dual-band and jams three well-known carriers of nigeria (mtn,once i turned on the circuit,as overload may damage the transformer it is necessary to protect the transformer from an overload condition.it employs a closed-loop control technique.brushless dc motor speed control using microcontroller.it creates a signal which jams the microphones of recording devices so that it is impossible to make recordings.department of computer scienceabstract.larger areas or elongated sites will be covered by multiple devices,arduino are used for communication between the pc and the motor,cpc can be connected to the telephone lines and appliances can be controlled easily,variable power supply circuits,pc based pwm speed control of dc motor system,. 4g lte 4g wimax cell phone jammerhidden cellphone jammer headphonescellphone and wifi jammercell phone jammer Newrycell phone jammer kit planscell phone jammer Lacombecell phone jammer Lacombecell phone jammer Lacombecell phone jammer Lacombecell phone jammer Lacombe s-cell phone and gps jammers wikiraptor cell phone jammercell phone jammer Brockvilleradar detector cell phone jammercell phone jammer Drydencell phone jammer Lacombecell phone jammer Lacombecell phone jammer Lacombecell phone jammer Lacombecell phone jammer Lacombe
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