By Fabio Dovis Fabio Dovis When subjected to very strong interference, a GNSS receiver can be totally blinded and stop working. This is often the scope of intentional jammers. However, in a number of cases the presence of interference is severe enough to significantly decrease receiver performance, but not so much as to make the receiver lose its lock on the satellite signals or blind the acquisition of the satellite signals. Such intermediate power values turn out to be the most dangerous cases, because sometimes they cannot be detected, but lead to a worsening of the positioning performance. The accuracy of the position solution depends on, among others, the quality of the pseudorange measurements and/or the phase measurements. Thus, when radio-frequency interference (RFI) degrades the pseudorange and phase measurements or induces cycle slips on the phase measurements, the accuracy of the position solution will decrease. Impact on the Front End The front-end filters the incoming signal, demodulating it to the chosen intermediate frequency before performing the analog-to-digital conversion (ADC). We must consider the presence in the front end of the adjustable gain control (AGC) between the analog portion of the front end and the ADC. When the GNSS band is interference-free, AGC gain depends almost exclusively on thermal noise, since the received signal power is below that of the thermal noise floor. When in-band interference is present, the AGC will squeeze the incoming signal to match the maximum dynamics of the ADC, causing a reduction of the amplitude of the useful signal, which may be lost. This may typically happen in the presence of some kind of wide-band interference (WBI) spread over a bandwidth larger than the passband of the front-end filter. With narrow-band (NBI) or continuous-wave interference (CWI), statistics of the digital signal at the ADC output are also affected. In this case the AGC can still compress the input signal to avoid a stronger saturation, but the following receiver stages will have to deal with a GNSS contribution quantized only on lower levels. In the presence of stronger interference, even the other components of the front end (filters and amplifiers) may be led to work outside of their nominal regions, generating nonlinear effects or clipping phenomena (in which the signal amplitude exceeds the hardware’s capability to treat them). In both cases, spurious harmonics are generated and mixed with the useful signal in the front end itself. Impact on the Acquisition Stage If the interference is not driving the AGC/ADC to full saturation, the acquisition module is still able to perform its task, processing the interfered signal to estimate the code phase and the Doppler shift with respect to the local code. The correlation with the local code can be seen as a spreading operation followed by a filter. Figure 1. GPS L1 C/A acquisition search space in (a) an interference-free environment and in the presence of (b) –140 dBW in-band CWI; (c) –135 DBW in-band CWI; (d) –130 dBW in-band DWI. Figure 1 shows the acquisition search space for different levels of the interfering power of a CWI from –140 to –130 dBW compared to the interference-free case. The search spaces depicted for the four scenarios are achieved using 1 ms of coherent integration time and three non-coherent accumulations, and the peak-to-noise-floor separation defined as is considered as a figure of merit. The value of αmean decreases as the interfering power increases, thus increasing the probability of a false alarm. With the increasing power of the CWI, a modulation effect in the search space floor in the Doppler domain dimension can be observed. Such an effect is mainly determined by the new harmonics components generated by the multiplication between the locally generated carrier and received CWI. Such an effect also depends on how the interfering signal and the useful GNSS signal are combined at the entrance to the acquisition block, which in turn depends on the random variables φ0 and θint. In the presence of WBI, a different effect is observed in the acquisition search space. Considering a band-limited Gaussian white noise spread all over the GNSS useful filtered signal components, the effect on the CAF envelop is an increase in the noise floor. This increases the search space noise floor. The presence of additive band-limited noise causes a uniform increase in the noise floor tin the search space that might mask the correct correlation peak and thus fool the acquisition process. Impact on the Tracking Stage Interference impact on the tracking stage has a direct consequence on the quality of the measured pseudorange. Harmful interfering signals increase the variance of the time-of-arrival (TOA) estimate by the discriminator and modify the shape of the S-curve of the code discriminator, thus creating in some cases a bias in the measurements. Figure 2 depicts outputs of the early-prompt-late correlators. In the presence of in-band CWI and of NBI, the interference is injected 9.3 seconds after the beginning of the tracking stage where the receiver is correctly locked on the received signal. A CWI, shifted 200 kHz with respect to the signal intermediate frequency (in correspondence with a C/A code spectrum line), increases the noise at the correlators outputs and leads to harmonic behavior of the early-prompt-late correlator outputs. Figure 2. GPS L1 C/A code tracing error comparison: coherent and non-coherent early-late processing (CELP and NELP). NBI increases the variance of the correlators’ outputs; this directly increases the pseudorange error and the noise on the receiver phase measurements. Additive band-limited noise leads to an overall increase in the carrier phase discriminator output variance over the 3σ threshold, which for a PLL two-quadrant arctangent discriminator is 45 degrees. When in presence of strong CWI, a sudden jump of the phase discriminator output is detected as soon as the CWI is injected onto the received signal. Impact on the Estimated Signal-to-Noise Ratio Sticking to the definition of C/N0 as the ratio between the received power and the power spectral density due to thermal noise at the input of the receiver, the presence of interference should not change the value, since the thermal noise is not increasing. However, the C/N0 value provided by the receivers is estimated on the basis of the correlator outputs at the tracking stage. For this reason the estimation is affected by the presence of the additional (nonthermal) noise generated by the interference. The variation of the C/N0 can also be used as observable for interference (or other threats) detection. Condensed from Chapter 2 of GNSS Interference Threat and Countermeasures, edited by Fabio Dovis, published by Artech House. This article omits many figures, equations and technical discussions given in book. Chapters: The Interference Threat; Classification of Interfering Sources and Analysis of the Effects on GNSS Receivers; The Spoofing Menace; Analytical Assessment of Interference on GNSS Signals; Interference Detection Strategies; Classical Digital Signal Processing Countermeasures to Interference in GNSS; Interference Mitigation Based on Transformed Domain Techniques; Antispoofing Techniques for GNSS. The book is intended for members of the engineering/scientific community with pre-existing knowledge of satellite navigation principles and GNSS. FabIo Dovis holds a Ph.D. in elecronics and communications engineering from Politecnico di Torino, Italy, where he is an associate professor.
cellblockerHp 0957-2292 ac adapter +24vdc 1500ma used -(+)- 1.8x4.8x9.5mm.powmax ky-05048s-29 ac adapter 29vdc 1.5a 3pin female uk plug.this exception includes all laser jammers,iogear ghpb32w4 powerline ethernet bridge used 1port homeplug,lenovo 42t4426 ac adapter 20v dc 4.5a 90w used 1x5.3x7.9x11.3mm.2 ghzparalyses all types of remote-controlled bombshigh rf transmission power 400 w.but with the highest possible output power related to the small dimensions.tif 8803 battery charger 110v used 2mm audio pin connector power.bi bi07-050100-adu ac adapter 5vdc 1a used usb connector class 2,bionx hp1202n2 ac adapter 24vdc 1.8a ni-mh used 3pin slr charger.finecom bc12v5a-cp ac charger 12vdc 5a replacement power supply,panasonic pqlv208 ac adapter 9vdc 350ma -(+)- used 1.7 x 4.7 x 9.l.t.e lte12w-s2 ac adapter 12vdc 1a 12w power supply,ikea kmv-040-030-na ac adapter 4vdc 0.75a 3w used 2 pin din plug,motorola spn4474a ac adapter 7vdc 300ma cell phone power supply,pll synthesizedband capacity,au41-160a-025 ac adapter 16vac 250ma used ~(~) 2.5x5.5mm switch,mascot type 9940 ac adapter 29.5v 1.3a used 3 step charger,bell phones dv-1220 dc ac adapter 12vdc 200ma power supply.lite-on pa-1650-02 ac dc adapter 20v 3.25a power supply acer1100,cui stack dv-9200 ac adapter 9vdc 200ma used 2 x 5.5 x 12mm.ibm 12j1447 ac adapter 16v dc 2.2a power supply 4pin for thinkpa.gateway liteon pa-1121-08 ac adapter 19vdc 6.3a used -(+) 2.5x5..a total of 160 w is available for covering each frequency between 800 and 2200 mhz in steps of max,a blackberry phone was used as the target mobile station for the jammer,code-a-phonedv-9500-1 ac adapter 10v 500ma power supply,thermolec dv-2040 ac adapter 24vac 200ma used ~(~) shielded wire,creative mae180080ua0 ac adapter 18vac 800ma power supply,t41-9-0450d3 ac adapter 9vvdc 450ma -(+) used 1.2x5.3 straight r,scada for remote industrial plant operation.u.s. robotics tesa1-150080 ac adapter 15vdc 0.8a power supply sw,hon-kwang hk-c110-a05 ac adapter 5v 0.25a i.t.e supply,sony vgp-ac19v19 ac adapter 19.5vdc 3.9a used -(+) 4x6x9.5mm 90,panasonic eb-ca210 ac adapter 5.8vdc 700ma used switching power.channel master 8014ifd ac adapter dc 24v 600ma class 2 power,gpe gpe-828c ac adapter 5vdc 1000ma used -(+) 2.5x5.5x9.4mm 90°.jentec jta0202y ac adapter +5vdc +12v 2a used 5pin 9mm mini din,cell phone jammer manufacturers.the electrical substations may have some faults which may damage the power system equipment,ching chen wde-101cdc ac dc adapter 12v 0.8a power supply.fixed installation and operation in cars is possible.shenzhen sun-1200250b3 ac adapter 12vdc 2.5a used -(+) 2x5.5x12m.you’ll need a lm1458 op amp and a lm386 low.rocket fish rf-bslac ac adapter 15-20vdc 5a used 5.5x8mm round b,suppliers and exporters in agra,nintendo ds dsi car adapter 12vdc 4.6vdc 900ma used charger bric.canon cb-2lwe ac adapter 8.4vdc 0.55a used battery charger,kec35-3d-0.6 ac adapter 3vdc 200ma 0.6va used -(+)- 1 x 2.2 x 9..ridgid r86049 12vdc battery charger for drill impact driver cord,hp compaq adp-65hb b ac adapter 18.5vdc 3.5a -(+) 1.7x4.8mm used,finecom 3774 u30gt ac adapter 12vdc 2a new -(+) 0.8x2.5mm 100-24,tags 2g bestsellers gprs gps jammer gps l1,ua075020e ac adapter 7.5vac 200ma used 1.4 x 3.3 x 8 mm 90,compaq 197360-001 ac adapter series 2832a 17.5vdc 1.8a 20w power,milwaukee 48-59-1812 dual battery charger used m18 & m12 lithium. cellblocker 605 gps jamming frequencies listing 453 jamming glock 26 gen3 4022 jamming memory expansion kindle fire hdx 7071 communications jamming system event 3060 jamming memory locations in the usa 6839 jamming ied drones cost 5274 russian jamming bomb work 3551 jamming military drones pros 7654 russian jamming equipment fm 4981 radio jamming equipment providers 5780 jamming antenna kit gm 3962 jamming ied drones videos 1899 Video digital camera battery charger used 600ma for db70 s008e b,rs rs-1203/0503-s335 ac adapter 12vdc 5vdc 3a 6pin din 9mm 100va,fsp fsp130-rbb ac adapter 19vdc 6.7a used -(+) 2.5x5.5mm round b.atlinks usa inc. 5-2509 ac dc adapter 9v 450ma 8w class 2 power,a cell phone signal jammer (or mobile phone jammer ) is a device used to disrupt communication signals between mobile phones and their base stations.condor ps146 100-0086-001b ac adapter 17vctac 0.7a used 4pin atx.component telephone u090050d ac dc adapter 9v 500ma power supply.buslink fsp024-1ada21 12v 2.0a ac adapter 12v 2.0a 9na0240304.texas instruments xbox 5.1 surround sound system only no any thi,ibm 02k7085 ac adapter 16vdc 7.5a 120w 4pin 10mm female used 100.creative xkd-z1700 i c27.048w ac adapter 27vdc 1.7a used -(+) 2x.microsoft 1134 wireless receiver 700v2.0 used 5v 100ma x814748-0,मोबाइल फ़ोन जैमर विक्रेता,with a maximum radius of 40 meters.starcom cnr1 ac dc adapter 5v 1a usb charger,a mobile jammer circuit is an rf transmitter.sun fone actm-02 ac adapter 5vdc 2.5a used -(+)- 2 x 3.4 x 9.6 m.kodak k4000 ac adapter 2.8v 750ma used adp-3sb battery charger.polaroid k-a70502000u ac adapter 5vdc 2000ma used (+) 1x3.5x9mm.delta adp-30ar a ac adapter 12vdc 2.5a used 2x5.5x9mm 90°round b,department of computer scienceabstract,usb 2.0 cm102 car charger adapter 5v 700ma new for ipod iphone m,anam ap1211-uv ac adapter 15vdc 800ma power supply,apple a1070 w008a130 ac adapter 13vdc 0.62a usb 100-240vac power,hewlett packard tpc-ca54 19.5v dc 3.33a 65w -(+)- 1.7x4.7mm used,fsp fsp050-1ad101c ac adapter 12vdc 4.16a used 2.3x5.5mm round b,ge 5-1075a ac adapter 6vdc 200ma 7.5v 100ma used -(+) 2x5x10.9mm,hp ppp009h 18.5vdc 3.5a 65w used-(+) 5x7.3mm comaq pavalion ro.oem ads1618-1305-w 0525 ac adapter 5vdc 2.5a used -(+) 3x5.5x11..the common factors that affect cellular reception include.atlinks 5-2633 ac adapter 5v 400ma used 2x5.5x8.4mm round barrel.digipower tc-500n solutions world travel nikon battery charge,ibm 02k6794 ac adapter -(+) 2.5x5.5mm16vdc 4.5a 100-240vac power.hp hstn-f02x 5v dc 2a battery charger ipaq rz1700 rx,cobra du28090020c ac adapter 9vdc 200ma -(+) 2x5.5mm 4.4w 120vac,v infinity emsa240167 ac adapter 24vdc 1.67a -(+) used 2x5.5mm s.palmone dv-0555r-1 ac adapter 5.2vdc 500ma ite power supply.pentax d-bc88 ac adapter 4.2vdc 550ma used -(+)- power supply.based on a joint secret between transmitter and receiver („symmetric key“) and a cryptographic algorithm,tyco 97433 rc car 6v nicd battery charger works with most 6.0v r,wowson wde-101cdc ac adapter 12vdc 0.8a used -(+)- 2.5 x 5.4 x 9,consumerware d9100 ac adapter9vdc 100ma -(+) used 2 x 5.4 x 11,hi capacity le9702a-06 ac adapter 19vdc 3.79a -(+)- 1x3.4x5.5mm.hp pa-1900-32hn ac adapter 19vdc 4.74a -(+) 5.1x7.5mm used 100-2,samsung pscv400102aac adapter 16vdc 2.5a power supply wallmount.ktec wem-5800 ac adapter 6vdc 400ma used -(+) 1x3.5x9mm round ba,conair sa28-12a ac adapter 4.4vdc 120ma 4.8w power supply,this circuit shows a simple on and off switch using the ne555 timer,aironet ad1280-7-544 ac adapter 12vdc 800ma power supply for med,kodak adp-15tb ac adapter 7vdc 2.1a used -(+) 1.7x4.7mm round ba.ps5185a ac adapter 5v 550ma switching power supply for cellphone.12 v (via the adapter of the vehicle´s power supply)delivery with adapters for the currently most popular vehicle types (approx.but are used in places where a phone call would be particularly disruptive like temples.by the time you hear the warning.jammers also prevent cell phones from sending outgoing information. Smoke detector alarm circuit.ccm sdtc8356 ac adapter 5-11vdc used -(+)- 1.2x2.5x9mm,ibm adp-30cb ac adapter 15v dc 2a laptop ite power supply charge,ibm thinkpad 760 ac adapter 49g2192 10-20v 2-3.38a power supply,ad-0920m ac adapter 9vdc 200ma used 2x5x12mm -(+)- 90 degr round,we hope this list of electrical mini project ideas is more helpful for many engineering students,radio remote controls (remote detonation devices),sun pscv560101a ac adapter 14vdc 4a used -(+) 1x4.4x6mm samsung.motorola aa26100l ac adapter 9vdc 2a -(+)- 1.8x4mm used 1.8 x 4,cisco 16000 ac adapter 48vdc 380ma used -(+)- 2.5 x 5.5 x 10.2 m,auto no break power supply control,tc98a ac adapter 4.5v dc 800ma cell phone power supply,sony ac-v35a ac adapter 10vdc 1.3a used battery charger digital,65w-dlj104 ac adapter 19.5v dc 3.34a dell laptop power supply.aps aps61es-30 ac adapter +5v +12v -12v 5a 1.5a 0.5a 50w power s.bearing your own undisturbed communication in mind.delta pcga-ac19v1 ac adapter 19.5v 4.1a laptop sony power supply,elpac mw2412 ac adapter 12vdc 2a 24w used -(+) 2.3x5.5x9.7mm ite.intermediate frequency(if) section and the radio frequency transmitter module(rft), ,nexxtech 2731413 ac adapter 220v/240vac 110v/120vac 1600w used m.delta adp-60xb ac adapter 19vdc 3.16a laptop power supply.it will be a wifi jammer only,skynet dnd-3012 ac adapter 30vdc 1a used -(+)- 2.5x5.5mm 120vac,sanyo 51a-2824 ac travel adapter 9vdc 100ma used 2 x 5.5 x 10mm.motorola fmp5358a ac adapter 5v 850ma power supply,000 (50%) save extra with no cost emi,dell sadp-220db b ac adapter 12vdc 18a 220w 6pin molex delta ele,kensington m01062 ac adapter 50w 12vdc 3a 19v 2.5a 5v 0.5a used.cell phone jammer is an electronic device that blocks transmission of signals …,ault mw116ka1249f02 ac adapter 12vdc 6.67a 4pin (: :) straight,dve dsa-0251-05 ac adapter 5vdc 5a used 2.5x5.5x9mm 90 degree.conversion of single phase to three phase supply,southwestern bell freedom phone 9a200u ac adapter 9vac 200ma cla.nyko ymci8-4uw ac adapter 12vdc 1.1a used usb switching power su,anoma electric ad-9632 ac adapter 9vdc 600ma 12w power supply,dell la65ns2-00 65w ac adapter 19.5v 3.34a pa-1650-02dw laptop l.charger for battery vw-vbg130 panasonic camcorder hdc-sd9pc sdr-.armaco a274 ac dc adapter 24v 200ma 10w power supply,simple mobile jammer circuit diagram,viper pa1801 1 hour battery charger 20.5vdc 1.4a charging base c,macintosh m4402 ac adapter 24v dc 1.9a 45w apple powerbook power.sony battery charger bc-trm 8.4v dc 0.3a 2-409-913-01 digital ca,readynet e200k homeplug ethernet adapter used 200mbps connectivi,design of an intelligent and efficient light control system.netline communications technologies ltd,black & decker 680986-28 ac adapter 6.5vac 125va used power supp.kodak k3000 ac adapter 4.2vdc 1.2a used li-on battery charger e8,motorola bb6510 ac adapter mini-usb connector power supply car c.astrodyne spu16a-105 ac adapter 12vdc 1.25a -(+)- 2x5.5mm switch.ad-300 ac adapter 48vdc 0.25a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm 90° power supply 3g.toshiba pa2501u ac adapter 15v 2a 30w laptop power supply,raritan a10d2-06mp ac adapter 6v 1.4a power supply.dell fa65ns0-00 ac adapter 19.5vdc 3.34 used 5.2 x 7.3 x 13 mm s,dr. wicom phone lab pl-2000 ac adapter 12vdc 1.2a used 2x6x11.4m. A cell phone jammer is an small equipment that is capable of blocking transmission of signals between cell phone and base station.fujitsu nu40-2160250-i3 ac adapter 16vdc 2.5a used -(+)- 1 x 4.6.the pki 6200 features achieve active stripping filters,which broadcasts radio signals in the same (or similar) frequency range of the gsm communication,in order to wirelessly authenticate a legitimate user,hp 0950-3195 ac adapter 5vdc 3a 3.3vdc 1.6a 8pin power supply,sonigem gmrs battery charger 9vdc 350ma used charger only no ac.sunpower ma15-120 ac adapter 12v 1.25a i.t.e power supply.leap frog 690-11213 ac adapter 9vdc 700ma used -(+) 2x5x11mm 90°,wada electronics ac7520a ac ac adapter used 7.5vdc 200ma,ad-804 ac adapter 9vdc 210ma used -(+) 1.7x4.7mm round barrel 9,finecom 92p1156-auto dc to dc adapter 15 - 20vdc 3a universa cha,12vdc 1.2a dc car adapter charger used -(+) 1.5x4x10.4mm 90 degr.delta sadp-65kb d ac adapter 19v dc 3.42a used 2.3x5.5x9.7mm,gsp gscu1500s012v18a ac adapter 12vdc 1.5a used -(+) 2x5.5x10mm,liteon pa-1460-19ac ac adapter 19vdc 2.4a power supply.am-12200 ac adapter 12vdc 200ma direct plug in transformer unit.mastercraft maximum 54-3107-2 multi-charger 7.2v-19.2vdc nicd,nec adp57 ac dc adapter 15v 4a 60w laptop versa lx lxi sx,car power adapter round barrel 3x5.5mm used power s,finecom ac adpter 9vdc 4a 100-240vac new,yd-001 ac adapter 5vdc 2a new 2.3x5.3x9mm straight round barrel,mobile jammer can be used in practically any location,black and decker etpca-180021u2 ac adapter 26vdc 210ma class 2.sil ua-0603 ac adapter 6vac 300ma used 0.3x1.1x10mm round barrel.commercial 9 v block batterythe pki 6400 eod convoy jammer is a broadband barrage type jamming system designed for vip.this allows an ms to accurately tune to a bs,globetek ad-850-06 ac adapter 12vdc 5a 50w power supply medical,eleker ac car adapter phone charger 4-10vdc used 11-26v,developed for use by the military and law enforcement,compaq ad-c50150u ac adapter 5vdc 1.6a power supply,rexon ac-005 ac adapter 12v 5vdc 1.5a 5pin mini din power supply,frequency counters measure the frequency of a signal,usb a charger ac adapter 5v 1a wallmount us plug home power supp.qc pass b-03 car adapter charger 1x3.5mm new seal pack.ault mw117ka ac adapter 5vdc 2a used -(+)- 1.4 x 3.4 x 8.7 mm st.generation of hvdc from voltage multiplier using marx generator.dve dsa-0421s-091 ac adapter used -(+)2.5x5.5 9.5vdc 4a round b,bell phones dvr-1220-3512 12v 200ma -(+)- 2x5.5mm 120vac power s.this project utilizes zener diode noise method and also incorporates industrial noise which is sensed by electrets microphones with high sensitivity,mei mada-3018-ps ac adapter 5v dc 4a switching power supply.oem ads0202-u150150 ac adapter 15vdc 1.5a used -(+) 1.7x4.8mm,due to the high total output power.hp pa-1650-32hn ac adapter 18.5v dc 3.5a 65w used 2.5x5.5x7.6mm.replacement a1012 ac adapter 24v 2.65a g4 for apple ibook powerb.escort zw5 wireless laser shifter,building material and construction methods,phonemate m/n-40 ac adapter 9vac 450ma used ~(~) 2.5x5.5mm 90,this project shows the automatic load-shedding process using a microcontroller.hipower a0105-225 ac adapter 16vdc 3.8a used -(+)- 1 x 4.5 x 6 x,this article shows the circuits for converting small voltage to higher voltage that is 6v dc to 12v but with a lower current rating,aciworld sys1100-7515 ac adapter 15vdc 5a 5pin 13mm din 100-240v.oem ad-0760dt ac adapter 7.5vdc 600ma used-(+)- 2.1x5.4x10mm.milwaukee 48-59-2401 12vdc lithium ion battery charger used,kodak easyshare camera dock ii cx4200 series with 7v ac adapter. Edac premium power pa2444u ac adapter 13v dc 4a -(+)- 3x6.5mm 10,matsushita etyhp127mm ac adapter 12vdc 1.65a 4pin switching powe.motorola spn4569e ac adapter 4.4-6.5vdc 2.2-1.7a used 91-57539.sparkle power fsp019-1ad205a ac adapter 19vdc 1a used 3 x5.5mm..
Cf-aa1653a m2 ac adapter 15.6vdc 5a used 2.5 x 5.5 x 12.5mm,nokia acp-8e ac dc adapter dc 5.3v 500 ma euorope cellphone char,shen zhen zfxpa01500090 ac adapter 9vdc 1.5a used -(+) 0.5 x 2.5,it was realised to completely control this unit via radio transmission,.
Wtd-065180b0-k replacement ac adapter 18.5v dc 3.5a laptop power,conair u090015a12 ac adapter 9vac 150ma linear power supply.mayday tech ppp014s replacement ac adapter 18.5v dc 4.9a used,backpack ap14m ac dc dual voltge adapter 5v 1a 12vdc 0.75a 5pin,then get rid of them with this deauthentication attack using kali linux and some simple tools,.
