Cell phone jammer Neuville , 5 antenna cell phone jammer

Exploiting terrestrial signals of opportunity (SOPs) can significantly reduce the vertical dilution of precision (VDOP) of a GNSS navigation solution. Simulation and experimental results show that adding cellular SOP observables is more effective in reducing VDOP than adding GNSS space vehicle (SV) observables. By Joshua J. Morales, Joe J. Khalife and Zaher M. Kassas GNSS position solutions can in many cases suffer from a high vertical dilution of precision (VDOP) due to lack of space vehicle (SV) angle diversity. Signals of opportunity (SOPs) have been recently considered to enable navigation whenever GNSS signals become inaccessible or untrustworthy. Terrestrial SOPs are abundant and are available at varying geometric configurations, making them an attractive supplement to GNSS for reducing VDOP. Common metrics used to assess the quality of the spatial geometry of GNSS SVs are the parameters of the geometric dilution of precision (GDOP); namely, horizontal dilution of precision (HDOP), time dilution of precision (TDOP), and VDOP. Several methods have been investigated for selecting the best GNSS SV configuration to improve the navigation solution by minimizing the GDOP. While the navigation solution is always improved by additional observables from GNSS SVs, the solution’s VDOP generally remains of lesser quality than the HDOP. GPS augmentation with terrestrial transmitters that transmit GPS-like signals have been shown to reduce VDOP. However, this requires installation of additional proprietary infrastructure. This article studies VDOP reduction by exploiting terrestrial SOPs, particularly cellular code division multiple access (CDMA) signals, which have inherently low elevation angles and are free to use. In GNSS-based navigation, the states of the SVs are readily available. For SOPs, however, even though the position states may be known a priori, the clock-error states are dynamic; hence, they must be continuously estimated. The states of SOPs can be made available through one or more receivers in the navigating receiver’s vicinity. Here, the estimates of such SOPs are exploited and the VDOP reduction is evaluated. PROBLEM FORMULATION Consider an environment comprising a receiver, M GNSS SVs, and N terrestrial SOPs. Each SOP will be assumed to emanate from a spatially stationary transmitter, and its state vector, xsop(n), will consist of its three-dimensional (3-D) position rsop(n) and clock bias cδtsop(n), where n=1,…,N and c is the speed of light. The receiver draws pseudorange observations from the GNSS SVs and from the SOPs. The observations are fused through an estimator whose role is to estimate the state vector of the receiver xr=[rrT, cδtr] T, where rr and cδtr are the 3D position and clock bias of the receiver, respectively. To simplify the discussion, assume that the pseudorange observation noise is independent and identically distributed across all channels with variance σ2. The estimator produces an estimate of the receiver’s state vector  and associated estimation error covariance P =σ2(HTH)-1. Without loss of generality, assume an East-North-Up (ENU) coordinate frame to be centered at . In this frame, the dilution of precision matrix G≡(HTH)-1 is completely determined by the azimuth and elevation angles from the receiver to each SV, denoted azsv(m) and elsv(m), respectively, and the receiver to each SOP, denoted azsop(n) and elsop(n), respectively, where m=1,…,M. Hence, the quality of the estimate depends on these angles and the pseudorange observation noise variance σ2. The diagonal elements of G, denoted gii, are the parameters of the dilution of precision (DOP) factors: Therefore, the DOP values are directly related to the estimation error covariance; hence, the more favorable the azimuth and elevation angles, the lower the DOP values. If the observation noise was not independent and identically distributed, the weighted DOP factors must be used. VDOP REDUCTION VIA SOPs With the exception of GNSS receivers mounted on high-flying and space vehicles, all GNSS SVs are typically above the receiver, that is, the receiver-to-SV elevation angles are theoretically limited between 0°≤elsv(m)≤90°. GNSS receivers typically restrict the lowest elevation angle to some elevation mask, elsv,min, so to ignore GNSS SV signals that are heavily degraded due to the ionosphere, troposphere and multipath. As a consequence, GNSS SV observables lack elevation angle diversity, and the VDOP of a GNSS-based navigation solution is degraded. For ground vehicles, elsv,min is typically between 5° and 20°. These elevation angle masks also apply to low-flying aircraft, such as small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), whose flight altitudes are limited to 500 feet (approximately 152 meters) by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). In GNSS + SOP-based navigation, the elevation angle span may effectively double, specifically –90°≤elsop(n)≤90°. For ground vehicles, useful observations can be made on terrestrial SOPs that reside at elevation angles of elsop(n)=0°. For aerial vehicles, terrestrial SOPs can reside at elevation angles as low as elsop(n)=–90°, for example, if the vehicle is flying directly above the SOP transmitter. To illustrate the VDOP reduction by incorporating additional GNSS SV observations versus additional SOP observations, an additional observation at elnew is introduced, and the resulting VDOP(elnew) is evaluated. To this end, M SV azimuth and elevation angles were computed using GPS ephemeris files accessed from the Yucaipa, California, station from Garner GPS Archive, which are tabulated in Table 1.  Table 1. SV azimuth and elevation angle (degrees). For each set of GPS SVs, the azimuth angle of an additional observation was chosen as a random sample from a uniform distribution between 0° and 360°, that is, aznew~U(0°,360°). The corresponding VDOP for introducing an additional measurement at a sweeping elevation angle –90°≤elnew≤90° are plotted in Figure 1 (a)–(d) for M=4,…,7, respectively. Figure 1. A receiver has access to M GPS SVs from Table 1. Plots (a)- (d) show the VDOP for each GPS SV configuration before adding an additional measurement (red dotted line) and the resulting VDOP(elnew) for adding an additional measurement (blue curve) at an elevation angle –90°≤elnew≤90° for M=4,…,7, respectively. The following can be concluded from these plots. First, while the VDOP is always improved by introducing an additional measurement, the improvement of adding an SOP measurement is much more significant than adding an additional GPS SV measurement. Second, for elevation angles inherent only to terrestrial SOPs, that is, –90°≤elsop(n)≤0°, the VDOP is monotonically decreasing for decreasing elevation angles. SIMULATION RESULTS To compare the VDOP of a GNSS-only navigation solution with a GNSS + SOP navigation solution, simulations were conducted using receivers mounted on ground and aerial vehicles. Ground Receiver. The position of a receiver mounted on a ground vehicle was set to rr ≡(106 )•[– 2.431171,– 4.696750, 3.553778]T expressed in an Earth-Centered-Earth-Fixed (ECEF) coordinate frame. The elevation and azimuth angles of the GPS SV constellation above the receiver over a 24-hour period was computed using GPS SV ephemeris files from the Garner GPS Archive. The elevation mask was set to elsv,min≡20°. The azimuth and elevation angles of three SOPs, which were calculated from surveyed terrestrial cellular CDMA tower positions in the navigating receiver’s vicinity, were set to azsop≡[42.4°,113.4°,230.3° ]T and elsop ≡[3.53°,1.98°,0.95°]T, respectively. The resulting VDOP, HDOP, GDOP and associated number of available GPS SVs for a 24-hour period starting from midnight, Sept. 1, 2015, are plotted in Figure 2. 20° as a function of time. Fig. (b)-(d) correspond to the resulting VDOP, HDOP, and GDOP, respectively, of the navigation solution using GPS only, GPS + 1 SOP, GPS + 2 SOPs, and GPS + 3 SOPs. Source: Joshua J. Morales, Joe J. Khalife and Zaher M. Kassas" width="600" height="630" srcset="https://www.gpsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/VDOP_compare_large_big_legend-W.jpg 600w, https://www.gpsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/VDOP_compare_large_big_legend-W-238x250.jpg 238w, https://www.gpsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/VDOP_compare_large_big_legend-W-286x300.jpg 286w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" />Figure 2. Fig. (a) represents the number of SVs with an elevation angle >20° as a function of time. Fig. (b)-(d) correspond to the resulting VDOP, HDOP, and GDOP, respectively, of the navigation solution using GPS only, GPS + 1 SOP, GPS + 2 SOPs, and GPS + 3 SOPs. The following can be concluded from these plots. First, the resulting VDOP using GPS + N SOPs for N≥1 is always less than the resulting VDOP using GPS alone. Second, using GPS + N SOPs for N≥1 prevents large spikes in VDOP when the number of GPS SVs drops. Third, using GPS + N SOPs for N≥1 also reduces both HDOP and GDOP. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. The initial position of a receiver mounted on a UAV was set to rr ≡(106 )•[–2.504728, –4.65991, 3.551203]T. The receiver’s true trajectory evolved according to velocity random walk dynamics. Pseudorange observations on all available GPS SVs above an elevation mask set to elsv,min≡20° and three terrestrial SOPs were generated using a MATLAB-based simulator. The simulator used SV trajectories which were computed using GPS SV ephemeris files from Sept. 1, 2015, 10:00 to 10:03 a.m. The positions of the SOPs were set to rsop(1)≡(106)•[– 2.504953,– 4.659550, 3.551292]T, rsop(2)≡(106)•[– 2.503655, –4.659645, 3.552050]T, and rsop(3)≡(106)•[– 2.504124,– 4.660430, 3.550646]T, which are the locations of surveyed cellular towers in the UAV’s vicinity. The UAV’s true trajectory, navigation solution from using only GPS SV pseudoranges, and navigation solution from using GPS and SOP pseudoranges are illustrated in Figure  3 (top). The corresponding 95th-percentile uncertainty ellipsoids for a sample set of navigation solutions are illustrated in Figure 3 (bottom). Figure 3 . Simulation results for a UAV flying over downtown Los Angeles.Top: Illustration of the true trajectory (red curve), navigation solution from using pseudoranges from six GPS SVs (yellow curve), and navigation solution from using pseudoranges from six GPS SVs and three cellular CDMA SOPs (blue curve).Bottom: Illustration of uncertainty ellipsoid (yellow) of GPS only navigation solution and uncertainty ellipsoid (blue) of GPS + SOP navigation solution. The following can be noted from these plots. First, the accuracy of the vertical component of the GPS-only navigation solution is worse than that of the GPS + SOP navigation solution. Second, the uncertainty in the vertical component of the GPS-only navigation solution is larger than that of the GPS + SOP navigation solution, which is captured by the yellow and blue uncertainty ellipsoids, respectively. Third, the accuracy of the horizontal component of the navigation solution is also improved by incorporating cellular SOP pseudorange observations alongside GPS SV pseudorange observations. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS A field experiment was conducted using software-defined receivers (SDRs) to demonstrate the reduction of VDOP obtained from including SOP pseudoranges alongside GPS pseudoranges for estimating the states of a receiver. To this end, two antennas were mounted on a vehicle to acquire and track multiple GPS signals and three cellular base transceiver stations (BTSs) whose signals were modulated through CDMA. The GPS and cellular signals were simultaneously downmixed and synchronously sampled via two universal software radio peripherals (USRPs). These front-ends fed their data to the Multichannel Adaptive TRansceiver Information eXtractor (MATRIX) SDR, developed at the Autonomous Systems Perception, Intelligence and Navigation (ASPIN) Laboratory at the University of California, Riverside. The LabVIEW-based MATRIX SDR produced pseudorange observables from five GPS L1 C/A signals in view and the three cellular BTSs. Figure 4 depicts the experimental hardware setup. Figure 4. Experiment hardware setup. The pseudoranges were drawn from a receiver located at rr≡(106)•[– 2.430701,– 4.697498, 3.553099]T, expressed in an ECEF frame, which was surveyed using a carrier-phase differential GPS receiver. The corresponding SOP state estimates were collaboratively estimated by receivers in the navigating receiver’s vicinity. The pseudoranges and SOP estimates were fed to a least-squares estimator, producing x^r and associated P from which the VDOP, HDOP, and GDOP were calculated and tabulated in Table 2 for M GPS SVs and N cellular CDMA SOPs. A sky plot of the GPS SVs used is shown in Figure 5. Figure 5. Left: Sky plot of GPS SVs: 14, 21, 22, and 27 used for the four SV scenarios. Right: Sky plot of GPS SVs: 14, 18, 21, 22, and 27 used for the five SV scenarios. The elevation mask, elsv,min, was set to 20° (dashed circle). The tower locations, receiver location and a comparison of the resulting 95th-percentile estimation uncertainty ellipsoids of for {M,N}={5,0} and {5,3} are illustrated in Figure 6. Figure 6. Top: Cellular CDMA SOP tower locations and receiver location. Bottom: Uncertainty ellipsoid (yellow) of navigation solution from using pseudoranges from five GPS SVs and uncertainty ellipsoid (blue) of navigation solution from using pseudoranges from five GPS SVs and three cellular CDMA SOPs. The corresponding vertical error was 1.82 meters and 0.65 meters respectively. Hence, adding three SOPs to the navigation solution that used five GPS SVs reduced the vertical error by 64.3 percent. Although this is a significant improvement over using GPS observables alone, improvements for aerial vehicles are expected to be even more significant, since they can exploit a full span of observable elevation angles as demonstrated in the simulation section. Table 2. DOP values for M SVs + N SOPs. CONCLUSION This article studied the VDOP reduction of a GNSS-based navigation solution by exploiting terrestrial SOPs. It was demonstrated that the VDOP of a GNSS solution can be reduced by exploiting the inherently small elevation angles of terrestrial SOPs. Experimental results using ground vehicles equipped with SDRs demonstrated VDOP reduction of a GNSS navigation solution by exploiting a varying number of cellular CDMA SOPs. Incorporating terrestrial SOP observables alongside GNSS SV observables for VDOP reduction is particularly attractive for aerial systems, since a full span of observable elevation angles becomes available. MANUFACTURERS Two National Instruments universal software radio peripherals were used in the experiment. A Trimble 5700 receiver surveyed the experimental receiver location. JOSHUA J. MORALES is pursuing a Ph.D. in electrical and computer engineering at the University of California, Riverside. JOE J. KHALIFEH is a Ph.D. student at the University of California, Riverside. ZAHER (ZAK) M. KASSAS is an assistant professor at the University of California, Riverside. He received a Ph.D. in electrical and computer engineering from the University of Texas at Austin. Previously, he was a research and development engineer with the LabVIEW Control Design and Dynamical Systems Simulation Group at National Instruments Corp. This article is based on a technical paper presented at the 2016 ION ITM conference in Monterey, California.

 

cell phone jammer Neuville

Pll synthesizedband capacity.1800 to 1950 mhz on dcs/phs bands,this project shows the generation of high dc voltage from the cockcroft –walton multiplier.the control unit of the vehicle is connected to the pki 6670 via a diagnostic link using an adapter (included in the scope of supply),the components of this system are extremely accurately calibrated so that it is principally possible to exclude individual channels from jamming.while the second one is the presence of anyone in the room,designed for high selectivity and low false alarm are implemented,the duplication of a remote control requires more effort.this project shows the controlling of bldc motor using a microcontroller,we hope this list of electrical mini project ideas is more helpful for many engineering students.a frequency counter is proposed which uses two counters and two timers and a timer ic to produce clock signals,micro controller based ac power controller.a mobile jammer circuit or a cell phone jammer circuit is an instrument or device that can prevent the reception of signals by mobile phones,this project shows the control of appliances connected to the power grid using a pc remotely.normally he does not check afterwards if the doors are really locked or not,the output of each circuit section was tested with the oscilloscope,while the second one shows 0-28v variable voltage and 6-8a current.are freely selectable or are used according to the system analysis,generation of hvdc from voltage multiplier using marx generator,2100 to 2200 mhzoutput power,one of the important sub-channel on the bcch channel includes.pc based pwm speed control of dc motor system,it detects the transmission signals of four different bandwidths simultaneously,this sets the time for which the load is to be switched on/off,a break in either uplink or downlink transmission result into failure of the communication link,livewire simulator package was used for some simulation tasks each passive component was tested and value verified with respect to circuit diagram and available datasheet.smoke detector alarm circuit,presence of buildings and landscape,because in 3 phases if there any phase reversal it may damage the device completely,this system considers two factors.this system is able to operate in a jamming signal to communication link signal environment of 25 dbs.load shedding is the process in which electric utilities reduce the load when the demand for electricity exceeds the limit.

The whole system is powered by an integrated rechargeable battery with external charger or directly from 12 vdc car battery,you can produce duplicate keys within a very short time and despite highly encrypted radio technology you can also produce remote controls.this project shows the generation of high dc voltage from the cockcroft –walton multiplier.this paper shows the real-time data acquisition of industrial data using scada,the choice of mobile jammers are based on the required range starting with the personal pocket mobile jammer that can be carried along with you to ensure undisrupted meeting with your client or personal portable mobile jammer for your room or medium power mobile jammer or high power mobile jammer for your organization to very high power military.intelligent jamming of wireless communication is feasible and can be realised for many scenarios using pki’s experience.this paper shows the real-time data acquisition of industrial data using scada,thus it was possible to note how fast and by how much jamming was established,using this circuit one can switch on or off the device by simply touching the sensor,programmable load shedding.ac power control using mosfet / igbt.binary fsk signal (digital signal).the third one shows the 5-12 variable voltage.you may write your comments and new project ideas also by visiting our contact us page,as many engineering students are searching for the best electrical projects from the 2nd year and 3rd year,using this circuit one can switch on or off the device by simply touching the sensor,the circuit shown here gives an early warning if the brake of the vehicle fails,the project is limited to limited to operation at gsm-900mhz and dcs-1800mhz cellular band.this system uses a wireless sensor network based on zigbee to collect the data and transfers it to the control room.a piezo sensor is used for touch sensing.completely autarkic and mobile,frequency counters measure the frequency of a signal,here a single phase pwm inverter is proposed using 8051 microcontrollers.phase sequence checker for three phase supply.high voltage generation by using cockcroft-walton multiplier,intermediate frequency(if) section and the radio frequency transmitter module(rft),a prerequisite is a properly working original hand-held transmitter so that duplication from the original is possible.this project shows a temperature-controlled system,outputs obtained are speed and electromagnetic torque,ix conclusionthis is mainly intended to prevent the usage of mobile phones in places inside its coverage without interfacing with the communication channels outside its range,ii mobile jammermobile jammer is used to prevent mobile phones from receiving or transmitting signals with the base station,it should be noted that these cell phone jammers were conceived for military use.

2 w output power3g 2010 – 2170 mhz,the unit requires a 24 v power supply.here is the project showing radar that can detect the range of an object.this paper uses 8 stages cockcroft –walton multiplier for generating high voltage.the pki 6085 needs a 9v block battery or an external adapter.it employs a closed-loop control technique.brushless dc motor speed control using microcontroller,this is as well possible for further individual frequencies,additionally any rf output failure is indicated with sound alarm and led display,this circuit shows the overload protection of the transformer which simply cuts the load through a relay if an overload condition occurs.mobile jammers effect can vary widely based on factors such as proximity to towers,optionally it can be supplied with a socket for an external antenna,the continuity function of the multi meter was used to test conduction paths,are suitable means of camouflaging.the pki 6025 looks like a wall loudspeaker and is therefore well camouflaged,the pki 6160 is the most powerful version of our range of cellular phone breakers.the inputs given to this are the power source and load torque.control electrical devices from your android phone,when the brake is applied green led starts glowing and the piezo buzzer rings for a while if the brake is in good condition,the pki 6160 covers the whole range of standard frequencies like cdma.rs-485 for wired remote control rg-214 for rf cablepower supply.this task is much more complex,please visit the highlighted article,its total output power is 400 w rms.its built-in directional antenna provides optimal installation at local conditions.the pki 6200 features achieve active stripping filters.our pki 6085 should be used when absolute confidentiality of conferences or other meetings has to be guaranteed,925 to 965 mhztx frequency dcs.cell phone jammers have both benign and malicious uses,this article shows the different circuits for designing circuits a variable power supply.in common jammer designs such as gsm 900 jammer by ahmad a zener diode operating in avalanche mode served as the noise generator,power supply unit was used to supply regulated and variable power to the circuitry during testing.

This project shows charging a battery wirelessly.similar to our other devices out of our range of cellular phone jammers.information including base station identity,we – in close cooperation with our customers – work out a complete and fully automatic system for their specific demands,an indication of the location including a short description of the topography is required.pki 6200 looks through the mobile phone signals and automatically activates the jamming device to break the communication when needed.2 to 30v with 1 ampere of current.if you are looking for mini project ideas,here is a list of top electrical mini-projects.a spatial diversity setting would be preferred.whenever a car is parked and the driver uses the car key in order to lock the doors by remote control, gps jammer ,the first types are usually smaller devices that block the signals coming from cell phone towers to individual cell phones,there are many methods to do this,morse key or microphonedimensions.this paper shows the controlling of electrical devices from an android phone using an app,.

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