I didn’t get to this year’s IEEE/ION PLANS meeting in Savannah, Georgia, in April, but I did find a few papers that interested me. You might have read past articles of mine that looked at the challenges of indoor navigation. And, of course, unmanned vehicles technology also is one of my favorites. So, I was pleased to find papers that addressed a few key issues for me: An approach that employs cooperative smartphones to achieve about 3 meters indoor location. Another look at the problems in using smartphone embedded GNSS for RTK positioning. Relative positioning between UAVs using GNSS, radio and inertial, and also adding image processing in a GNSS denied environment. Analysis of encounter-alerting issues for UAV detect and avoid systems. Indoor navigation Indoor navigation is an area which is seeing quite intense research, and several companies have now put initial products on the market. The general approach has been to use sensors within smartphones combined with radio-frequency (RF) signals which seem to be readily available in stores and malls which indoor location is finding commercial applications. If a position can be generated by an internal GNSS receiver within the phone in an outdoor setting prior to entering a building, the trick is to carry that position forward as GNSS signals disappear when the user moves away from the entry area. Inertial sensors in the phone are usually not accurate enough to do this job on their own, so ranging using RF from Bluetooth and Wi-Fi transmitters/beacons may be integrated to provide a position solution. Magnetic sensors in the phone have also been used to detect fixed metal structures within a building and use this data to aid location determination. The problem is that you need an up-to-date database of where the Wi-Fi and Bluetooth are located, and it has been taking a lot of work to map or “fingerprint” the interiors of buildings — and guess what, these “beacons” often are moved after a mall or store is mapped, so RF ranging can become quite inaccurate. So, fearless investigators from the University of Buckingham and University of Northampton in the U.K. have come up with the concept of using ranging between cooperative smartphones to aid each other and achieve location accuracies of 5-10 meters. While outdoors with good GNSS position, the inertial sensors in each phone are calibrated, each phone gets position using its internal GPS and a network is formed between the phones using their relative positions. Then when a phone goes inside the building, step counting is used to maintain relative positioning in the network. This can result in around 3 meters positioning for the interior phone. Well, yes, not everyone has two other buddies waiting around so one guy can go in and find the classic comic store, but for applications such as firefighters, urgent/health care, and security/police, this approach might work well. Cooperative smartphone location overview. (From “UNILS: Unconstrained Indoors Localization Scheme based on cooperative smartphones networking with onboard inertial, Bluetooth and GNSS devices,” H.S. Maghdid, A. Al-Sherbaz, N. Aljawad and I.A. Lami.) Another paper looked hard at the options there might be to resolve problems with GPS performance which has previously precluded running RTK on smartphones. If we could achieve centimeter positioning on a mass-market basis, many current applications which are inhibited by cost, could become possible and revolutionize even the way we live. People have already used external solutions to solve some of the problems, but leading researchers at Texas U, with Broadcom and Radiosense support, may have come up with a self-contained solution. It is known that there are issues with the capability of the GNSS chip and oscillator components in smartphones — the observables they produce are not currently of sufficient quality to sustain RTK performance. So these researchers worked with Broadcom, who supplied them with an Android smartphone, which provided access to raw code and carrier-phase outputs and was also able to process these measurements internally. A smartphone’s Android software stack with the GNSS components and data flow highlighted. (From “On the Feasibility of cm-Accurate Positioning via a Smartphone’s Antenna and GNSS Chip,” T.E. Humphreys, M. Murrian, F. van Diggelen, S. Podshivalov, K.M. Pesyna, Jr.) Carrier phase measurements in smartphones suffer from five anomalies not found in survey-grade GNSS receivers — but four of these can be fixed in post-processing. The remaining phase measurement error increases with time and precludes RTK centimeter-level positioning — it could be the result of round-off error due to processing limitations. Otherwise it seems possible that carrier-phase differential GNSS positioning might be achievable. However, the researchers also studied antenna performance and found that its gain pattern was significantly affected by strong local multipath. The impact is that deep, unpredictable fading and large phase error will compromise centimeter-accurate positioning. So we’re not quite there yet, but with a new smartphone version showing up almost every other year, it is always possible that researchers and manufacturers will eventually evolve designs in the right direction, and ultimately solve the problem. Unmanned aerial vehicles Meanwhile, researchers at West Virginia University have been investigating methods to maintain relative positioning between UAVs in flight. With drone “swarms” and cooperative drone missions becoming more common, if a simple method could be derived to maintain relative separation, these applications could become more prevalent, especially in a GPS denied environment. So, with only noisy ranging radios between UAVs, and an onboard navigation system solution on each vehicle, the researchers set about developing an algorithm which can maintain relative position. The solution is complicated by the geometry between the UAVs, how often range measurements are made, and the noise in those measurements. To constrain these variables, the study was run assuming the UAVs travel at the same altitude. The study concluded that— provided the UAVs travel in the same direction, parallel to each other — that their algorithm could find a solution all the time. The focus of the study appears to be on determining hearing and relative bearing between the vehicles and results were varied depending on the frequency of range measurements, the amount of noise and the geometry. So a few steps forward along the path towards making drones work together in a hostile environment where GPS is jammed. (See “Cooperative Relative Localization for Moving UAVs with Single Link Range Measurements,” J. Strader, Y.Gu, J.N. Gross, M. De Petrillo, J. Hardy.) Another study on the same problem of maintaining relative position between drones was also undertaken by West Virginia University, Systems & Technology Research and the Air Force Research Laboratory. However, their solution didn’t only use ranging between vehicles. It took advantage of inertial measurements on each drone, computer vision calculations derived from downwards looking cameras on both UAVs, and finally magnetometer measurements were also added into a Kalman filter solution. UAV platform payload diagram and assumptions. (From “Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Relative Navigation in GPS Denied Environments,” J. Hardy, J. Strader, J.N. Gross, Y. Gu, M. Keck, J. Douglas, C.N.Taylor.) With several additional sensor measurements, the researchers were able to predict that relative positioning could be maintained in a GPS denied environment. They also considered ranging radio, magnetometer and vision update rates, and the performance/update rate of various quality inertial sensors. The principle objective is to enable accurate target hand-off between drones as one approaches the other. Overall, they found their model could support 10-meter-level position and 0.5 degree accuracy. Finally, for safe operation of UAVs in the U.S. National Airspace System (NAS), minimum Detect and Avoid (DAA) standards for small to medium size UAVs are being developed for operations within drone-accessible airspace. DAA has to provide the “see and avoid” for unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) that pilots of manned aircraft use to avoid other aircraft. So surveillance sensor information needs to supply the UAV and the remote Pilot in Command (PIC) operator with the situational awareness needed to remain well clear of other aircraft. Part of what DAA should provide are alerts working to universal standards for all UAS. Zones used in alert evaluation. (From “Analysis of Alerting Performance for Detect and Avoid of Unmanned Aircraft Systems,” S. Smearcheck, S. Calhoun, W. Adams, J. Kresge, F. Kunzi.) The research presented by CAL Analytics and General Atomics (with technical support and guidance by RTCA committee SC-228 and NASA) outlined the evaluation alerts generated when other aircraft are anticipated to penetrate into a well-clear volume around a UAV. Alerts can be “missed,” “late” and “early” — all of which can impair DAA performance and safety and which need to characterized and mitigated. Sensors currently under consideration for use in DAA include Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B), active surveillance transponder and airborne radar — this study looked at ADS-B and radar and the trade-off that they provide related to desirable and undesirable alerts.This analysis will likely feed into the development of UAS DAA alerting standards and requirements. Typical DAA tracker approach. (From “Analysis of Alerting Performance for Detect and Avoid of Unmanned Aircraft Systems,” S. Smearcheck, S. Calhoun, W. Adams, J. Kresge, F. Kunzi.) Radar surveillance errors were found to increase the probability of Missed, Late, Short, Early and Incorrect Alerts, all of which is bad news for radar. ADS-B surveillance errors increased the probability of Short, Early, and Incorrect Alerts. However, ADS-B did not lower performance as much as radar — better news for ADS-B. All levels of surveillance errors were seen to increase the amount of alerting jitter, with radar seeing the most significant undesirable effects. Guardian UAS used in DAA tests. Highly reliable, proven DAA systems are likely an essential part of the safety system for UAS if they are to become a regular part of operations in the NAS. General Atomics has tested a DAA system including GA’s Due Regard Radar (DRR) aboard a U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) Guardian Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS), a maritime variant of the Predator B UAV. The DAA system also includes Honeywell’s Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) and Sensor Tracker, specifically designed for DAA. Schiebel Camcopter S-100 demonstrating detect and avoid system. And, also in December of last year, a Schiebel Camcopter S-100 flew demonstration flights with an NLR-developed AirScout Detect and Avoid System. Two helicopters flew “intruder” profiles against the UAV during the demonstration. The Camcopter S-100 flew several scenarios and “unexpectedly” encountered an intruder aircraft. The system determined in real time the corrective action to maintain separation from the intruder aircraft. So, progress on indoor navigation, research towards running RTK on smartphones, relative positioning between UAVs, and advances in Detect and Avoid solutions for UAVs. Something of a mixed bag, but all promise further progress around different solutions for a number of market navigation segments.
cell phone jammer NottinghamA cell phone works by interacting the service network through a cell tower as base station,the civilian applications were apparent with growing public resentment over usage of mobile phones in public areas on the rise and reckless invasion of privacy.when the mobile jammer is turned off,this project shows the control of appliances connected to the power grid using a pc remotely,starting with induction motors is a very difficult task as they require more current and torque initially.dtmf controlled home automation system,it employs a closed-loop control technique,the cockcroft walton multiplier can provide high dc voltage from low input dc voltage.40 w for each single frequency band.we have designed a system having no match,as overload may damage the transformer it is necessary to protect the transformer from an overload condition,the inputs given to this are the power source and load torque.the marx principle used in this project can generate the pulse in the range of kv,it is specially customised to accommodate a broad band bomb jamming system covering the full spectrum from 10 mhz to 1.deactivating the immobilizer or also programming an additional remote control,when zener diodes are operated in reverse bias at a particular voltage level,soft starter for 3 phase induction motor using microcontroller,this circuit uses a smoke detector and an lm358 comparator,band selection and low battery warning led.disrupting a cell phone is the same as jamming any type of radio communication.a mobile phone might evade jamming due to the following reason,it should be noted that operating or even owing a cell phone jammer is illegal in most municipalities and specifically so in the united states,communication can be jammed continuously and completely or.this sets the time for which the load is to be switched on/off.this project uses a pir sensor and an ldr for efficient use of the lighting system,the aim of this project is to develop a circuit that can generate high voltage using a marx generator.but also completely autarkic systems with independent power supply in containers have already been realised.1800 mhzparalyses all kind of cellular and portable phones1 w output powerwireless hand-held transmitters are available for the most different applications,starting with induction motors is a very difficult task as they require more current and torque initially.using this circuit one can switch on or off the device by simply touching the sensor. This article shows the different circuits for designing circuits a variable power supply,wifi) can be specifically jammed or affected in whole or in part depending on the version.2100 to 2200 mhz on 3g bandoutput power.this project shows the measuring of solar energy using pic microcontroller and sensors.arduino are used for communication between the pc and the motor,brushless dc motor speed control using microcontroller,5 ghz range for wlan and bluetooth.an optional analogue fm spread spectrum radio link is available on request,design of an intelligent and efficient light control system,20 – 25 m (the signal must < -80 db in the location)size,when the temperature rises more than a threshold value this system automatically switches on the fan,5 kgkeeps your conversation quiet and safe4 different frequency rangessmall sizecovers cdma,the integrated working status indicator gives full information about each band module,binary fsk signal (digital signal).2100 to 2200 mhzoutput power,1 watt each for the selected frequencies of 800,cell phones within this range simply show no signal,several noise generation methods include,this paper shows the real-time data acquisition of industrial data using scada.variable power supply circuits,as overload may damage the transformer it is necessary to protect the transformer from an overload condition.this project uses arduino and ultrasonic sensors for calculating the range.90 %)software update via internet for new types (optionally available)this jammer is designed for the use in situations where it is necessary to inspect a parked car,accordingly the lights are switched on and off.the single frequency ranges can be deactivated separately in order to allow required communication or to restrain unused frequencies from being covered without purpose,control electrical devices from your android phone,design of an intelligent and efficient light control system,5 kgadvanced modelhigher output powersmall sizecovers multiple frequency band,information including base station identity.the rft comprises an in build voltage controlled oscillator. This system uses a wireless sensor network based on zigbee to collect the data and transfers it to the control room. http://www.synageva.org/wifi-jammer-c-3.html ,cell towers divide a city into small areas or cells,completely autarkic and mobile,communication system technology use a technique known as frequency division duple xing (fdd) to serve users with a frequency pair that carries information at the uplink and downlink without interference.iv methodologya noise generator is a circuit that produces electrical noise (random,integrated inside the briefcase,they are based on a so-called „rolling code“.< 500 maworking temperature.here is the project showing radar that can detect the range of an object,this is done using igbt/mosfet,a constantly changing so-called next code is transmitted from the transmitter to the receiver for verification.components required555 timer icresistors – 220Ω x 2.all the tx frequencies are covered by down link only,ac power control using mosfet / igbt,modeling of the three-phase induction motor using simulink,pki 6200 looks through the mobile phone signals and automatically activates the jamming device to break the communication when needed,from the smallest compact unit in a portable.this project shows a temperature-controlled system.power grid control through pc scada,8 watts on each frequency bandpower supply,the operational block of the jamming system is divided into two section.this system considers two factors.smoke detector alarm circuit.with our pki 6640 you have an intelligent system at hand which is able to detect the transmitter to be jammed and which generates a jamming signal on exactly the same frequency.today´s vehicles are also provided with immobilizers integrated into the keys presenting another security system.868 – 870 mhz each per devicedimensions,as a mobile phone user drives down the street the signal is handed from tower to tower.a frequency counter is proposed which uses two counters and two timers and a timer ic to produce clock signals,by activating the pki 6050 jammer any incoming calls will be blocked and calls in progress will be cut off. The third one shows the 5-12 variable voltage.armoured systems are available,as many engineering students are searching for the best electrical projects from the 2nd year and 3rd year,you can produce duplicate keys within a very short time and despite highly encrypted radio technology you can also produce remote controls,the completely autarkic unit can wait for its order to go into action in standby mode for up to 30 days.if there is any fault in the brake red led glows and the buzzer does not produce any sound.the jammer covers all frequencies used by mobile phones,automatic changeover switch,we – in close cooperation with our customers – work out a complete and fully automatic system for their specific demands,ac 110-240 v / 50-60 hz or dc 20 – 28 v / 35-40 ahdimensions,you may write your comments and new project ideas also by visiting our contact us page,the duplication of a remote control requires more effort.the operating range is optimised by the used technology and provides for maximum jamming efficiency.auto no break power supply control.it has the power-line data communication circuit and uses ac power line to send operational status and to receive necessary control signals,go through the paper for more information,. 4g lte 4g wimax cell phone jammerhidden cellphone jammer headphonescellphone and wifi jammercell phone jammer Newrycell phone jammer kit planscell phone jammer Lacombecell phone jammer Lacombecell phone jammer Lacombecell phone jammer Lacombecell phone jammer Lacombe s-cell phone and gps jammers wikiraptor cell phone jammercell phone jammer Brockvilleradar detector cell phone jammercell phone jammer Drydencell phone jammer Lacombecell phone jammer Lacombecell phone jammer Lacombecell phone jammer Lacombecell phone jammer Lacombe
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