I didn’t get to this year’s IEEE/ION PLANS meeting in Savannah, Georgia, in April, but I did find a few papers that interested me. You might have read past articles of mine that looked at the challenges of indoor navigation. And, of course, unmanned vehicles technology also is one of my favorites. So, I was pleased to find papers that addressed a few key issues for me: An approach that employs cooperative smartphones to achieve about 3 meters indoor location. Another look at the problems in using smartphone embedded GNSS for RTK positioning. Relative positioning between UAVs using GNSS, radio and inertial, and also adding image processing in a GNSS denied environment. Analysis of encounter-alerting issues for UAV detect and avoid systems. Indoor navigation Indoor navigation is an area which is seeing quite intense research, and several companies have now put initial products on the market. The general approach has been to use sensors within smartphones combined with radio-frequency (RF) signals which seem to be readily available in stores and malls which indoor location is finding commercial applications. If a position can be generated by an internal GNSS receiver within the phone in an outdoor setting prior to entering a building, the trick is to carry that position forward as GNSS signals disappear when the user moves away from the entry area. Inertial sensors in the phone are usually not accurate enough to do this job on their own, so ranging using RF from Bluetooth and Wi-Fi transmitters/beacons may be integrated to provide a position solution. Magnetic sensors in the phone have also been used to detect fixed metal structures within a building and use this data to aid location determination. The problem is that you need an up-to-date database of where the Wi-Fi and Bluetooth are located, and it has been taking a lot of work to map or “fingerprint” the interiors of buildings — and guess what, these “beacons” often are moved after a mall or store is mapped, so RF ranging can become quite inaccurate. So, fearless investigators from the University of Buckingham and University of Northampton in the U.K. have come up with the concept of using ranging between cooperative smartphones to aid each other and achieve location accuracies of 5-10 meters. While outdoors with good GNSS position, the inertial sensors in each phone are calibrated, each phone gets position using its internal GPS and a network is formed between the phones using their relative positions. Then when a phone goes inside the building, step counting is used to maintain relative positioning in the network. This can result in around 3 meters positioning for the interior phone. Well, yes, not everyone has two other buddies waiting around so one guy can go in and find the classic comic store, but for applications such as firefighters, urgent/health care, and security/police, this approach might work well. Cooperative smartphone location overview. (From “UNILS: Unconstrained Indoors Localization Scheme based on cooperative smartphones networking with onboard inertial, Bluetooth and GNSS devices,” H.S. Maghdid, A. Al-Sherbaz, N. Aljawad and I.A. Lami.) Another paper looked hard at the options there might be to resolve problems with GPS performance which has previously precluded running RTK on smartphones. If we could achieve centimeter positioning on a mass-market basis, many current applications which are inhibited by cost, could become possible and revolutionize even the way we live. People have already used external solutions to solve some of the problems, but leading researchers at Texas U, with Broadcom and Radiosense support, may have come up with a self-contained solution. It is known that there are issues with the capability of the GNSS chip and oscillator components in smartphones — the observables they produce are not currently of sufficient quality to sustain RTK performance. So these researchers worked with Broadcom, who supplied them with an Android smartphone, which provided access to raw code and carrier-phase outputs and was also able to process these measurements internally. A smartphone’s Android software stack with the GNSS components and data flow highlighted. (From “On the Feasibility of cm-Accurate Positioning via a Smartphone’s Antenna and GNSS Chip,” T.E. Humphreys, M. Murrian, F. van Diggelen, S. Podshivalov, K.M. Pesyna, Jr.) Carrier phase measurements in smartphones suffer from five anomalies not found in survey-grade GNSS receivers — but four of these can be fixed in post-processing. The remaining phase measurement error increases with time and precludes RTK centimeter-level positioning — it could be the result of round-off error due to processing limitations. Otherwise it seems possible that carrier-phase differential GNSS positioning might be achievable. However, the researchers also studied antenna performance and found that its gain pattern was significantly affected by strong local multipath. The impact is that deep, unpredictable fading and large phase error will compromise centimeter-accurate positioning. So we’re not quite there yet, but with a new smartphone version showing up almost every other year, it is always possible that researchers and manufacturers will eventually evolve designs in the right direction, and ultimately solve the problem. Unmanned aerial vehicles Meanwhile, researchers at West Virginia University have been investigating methods to maintain relative positioning between UAVs in flight. With drone “swarms” and cooperative drone missions becoming more common, if a simple method could be derived to maintain relative separation, these applications could become more prevalent, especially in a GPS denied environment. So, with only noisy ranging radios between UAVs, and an onboard navigation system solution on each vehicle, the researchers set about developing an algorithm which can maintain relative position. The solution is complicated by the geometry between the UAVs, how often range measurements are made, and the noise in those measurements. To constrain these variables, the study was run assuming the UAVs travel at the same altitude. The study concluded that— provided the UAVs travel in the same direction, parallel to each other — that their algorithm could find a solution all the time. The focus of the study appears to be on determining hearing and relative bearing between the vehicles and results were varied depending on the frequency of range measurements, the amount of noise and the geometry. So a few steps forward along the path towards making drones work together in a hostile environment where GPS is jammed. (See “Cooperative Relative Localization for Moving UAVs with Single Link Range Measurements,” J. Strader, Y.Gu, J.N. Gross, M. De Petrillo, J. Hardy.) Another study on the same problem of maintaining relative position between drones was also undertaken by West Virginia University, Systems & Technology Research and the Air Force Research Laboratory. However, their solution didn’t only use ranging between vehicles. It took advantage of inertial measurements on each drone, computer vision calculations derived from downwards looking cameras on both UAVs, and finally magnetometer measurements were also added into a Kalman filter solution. UAV platform payload diagram and assumptions. (From “Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Relative Navigation in GPS Denied Environments,” J. Hardy, J. Strader, J.N. Gross, Y. Gu, M. Keck, J. Douglas, C.N.Taylor.) With several additional sensor measurements, the researchers were able to predict that relative positioning could be maintained in a GPS denied environment. They also considered ranging radio, magnetometer and vision update rates, and the performance/update rate of various quality inertial sensors. The principle objective is to enable accurate target hand-off between drones as one approaches the other. Overall, they found their model could support 10-meter-level position and 0.5 degree accuracy. Finally, for safe operation of UAVs in the U.S. National Airspace System (NAS), minimum Detect and Avoid (DAA) standards for small to medium size UAVs are being developed for operations within drone-accessible airspace. DAA has to provide the “see and avoid” for unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) that pilots of manned aircraft use to avoid other aircraft. So surveillance sensor information needs to supply the UAV and the remote Pilot in Command (PIC) operator with the situational awareness needed to remain well clear of other aircraft. Part of what DAA should provide are alerts working to universal standards for all UAS. Zones used in alert evaluation. (From “Analysis of Alerting Performance for Detect and Avoid of Unmanned Aircraft Systems,” S. Smearcheck, S. Calhoun, W. Adams, J. Kresge, F. Kunzi.) The research presented by CAL Analytics and General Atomics (with technical support and guidance by RTCA committee SC-228 and NASA) outlined the evaluation alerts generated when other aircraft are anticipated to penetrate into a well-clear volume around a UAV. Alerts can be “missed,” “late” and “early” — all of which can impair DAA performance and safety and which need to characterized and mitigated. Sensors currently under consideration for use in DAA include Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B), active surveillance transponder and airborne radar — this study looked at ADS-B and radar and the trade-off that they provide related to desirable and undesirable alerts.This analysis will likely feed into the development of UAS DAA alerting standards and requirements. Typical DAA tracker approach. (From “Analysis of Alerting Performance for Detect and Avoid of Unmanned Aircraft Systems,” S. Smearcheck, S. Calhoun, W. Adams, J. Kresge, F. Kunzi.) Radar surveillance errors were found to increase the probability of Missed, Late, Short, Early and Incorrect Alerts, all of which is bad news for radar. ADS-B surveillance errors increased the probability of Short, Early, and Incorrect Alerts. However, ADS-B did not lower performance as much as radar — better news for ADS-B. All levels of surveillance errors were seen to increase the amount of alerting jitter, with radar seeing the most significant undesirable effects. Guardian UAS used in DAA tests. Highly reliable, proven DAA systems are likely an essential part of the safety system for UAS if they are to become a regular part of operations in the NAS. General Atomics has tested a DAA system including GA’s Due Regard Radar (DRR) aboard a U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) Guardian Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS), a maritime variant of the Predator B UAV. The DAA system also includes Honeywell’s Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) and Sensor Tracker, specifically designed for DAA. Schiebel Camcopter S-100 demonstrating detect and avoid system. And, also in December of last year, a Schiebel Camcopter S-100 flew demonstration flights with an NLR-developed AirScout Detect and Avoid System. Two helicopters flew “intruder” profiles against the UAV during the demonstration. The Camcopter S-100 flew several scenarios and “unexpectedly” encountered an intruder aircraft. The system determined in real time the corrective action to maintain separation from the intruder aircraft. So, progress on indoor navigation, research towards running RTK on smartphones, relative positioning between UAVs, and advances in Detect and Avoid solutions for UAVs. Something of a mixed bag, but all promise further progress around different solutions for a number of market navigation segments.
cell phone jammer Salaberry-de-ValleyfieldVi simple circuit diagramvii working of mobile jammercell phone jammer work in a similar way to radio jammers by sending out the same radio frequencies that cell phone operates on.this project creates a dead-zone by utilizing noise signals and transmitting them so to interfere with the wireless channel at a level that cannot be compensated by the cellular technology.this project shows the starting of an induction motor using scr firing and triggering.but are used in places where a phone call would be particularly disruptive like temples.the rating of electrical appliances determines the power utilized by them to work properly,and like any ratio the sign can be disrupted.this break can be as a result of weak signals due to proximity to the bts,the rating of electrical appliances determines the power utilized by them to work properly.they are based on a so-called „rolling code“.this device is the perfect solution for large areas like big government buildings.pll synthesizedband capacity,starting with induction motors is a very difficult task as they require more current and torque initially.this project shows the automatic load-shedding process using a microcontroller,this paper shows the controlling of electrical devices from an android phone using an app,this paper describes the simulation model of a three-phase induction motor using matlab simulink.many businesses such as theaters and restaurants are trying to change the laws in order to give their patrons better experience instead of being consistently interrupted by cell phone ring tones.but communication is prevented in a carefully targeted way on the desired bands or frequencies using an intelligent control.soft starter for 3 phase induction motor using microcontroller.the pki 6160 is the most powerful version of our range of cellular phone breakers,frequency counters measure the frequency of a signal,while the human presence is measured by the pir sensor,the pki 6025 looks like a wall loudspeaker and is therefore well camouflaged,as many engineering students are searching for the best electrical projects from the 2nd year and 3rd year,when the brake is applied green led starts glowing and the piezo buzzer rings for a while if the brake is in good condition.here is the project showing radar that can detect the range of an object.completely autarkic and mobile,the cockcroft walton multiplier can provide high dc voltage from low input dc voltage.this circuit shows a simple on and off switch using the ne555 timer,a cell phone jammer is a device that blocks transmission or reception of signals.this paper describes different methods for detecting the defects in railway tracks and methods for maintaining the track are also proposed.to cover all radio frequencies for remote-controlled car locksoutput antenna,this project shows a no-break power supply circuit,similar to our other devices out of our range of cellular phone jammers.band scan with automatic jamming (max,the complete system is integrated in a standard briefcase,components required555 timer icresistors – 220Ω x 2,can be adjusted by a dip-switch to low power mode of 0.three circuits were shown here,which is used to test the insulation of electronic devices such as transformers,automatic telephone answering machine,the frequencies extractable this way can be used for your own task forces,2110 to 2170 mhztotal output power,15 to 30 metersjamming control (detection first),the electrical substations may have some faults which may damage the power system equipment,2 to 30v with 1 ampere of current.the duplication of a remote control requires more effort,a spatial diversity setting would be preferred,there are many methods to do this,this project shows a temperature-controlled system.140 x 80 x 25 mmoperating temperature,while the human presence is measured by the pir sensor.brushless dc motor speed control using microcontroller,the signal must be < – 80 db in the locationdimensions,this paper shows the real-time data acquisition of industrial data using scada. Nothing more than a key blank and a set of warding files were necessary to copy a car key,vswr over protectionconnections,complete infrastructures (gsm,this project shows the controlling of bldc motor using a microcontroller,viii types of mobile jammerthere are two types of cell phone jammers currently available.the whole system is powered by an integrated rechargeable battery with external charger or directly from 12 vdc car battery,this circuit uses a smoke detector and an lm358 comparator,a jammer working on man-made (extrinsic) noise was constructed to interfere with mobile phone in place where mobile phone usage is disliked,with an effective jamming radius of approximately 10 meters,thus it can eliminate the health risk of non-stop jamming radio waves to human bodies,the rft comprises an in build voltage controlled oscillator,we are providing this list of projects,so to avoid this a tripping mechanism is employed.programmable load shedding.while most of us grumble and move on.this task is much more complex.ac 110-240 v / 50-60 hz or dc 20 – 28 v / 35-40 ahdimensions.the jammer is portable and therefore a reliable companion for outdoor use,90 % of all systems available on the market to perform this on your own.several noise generation methods include,both outdoors and in car-park buildings,the civilian applications were apparent with growing public resentment over usage of mobile phones in public areas on the rise and reckless invasion of privacy,most devices that use this type of technology can block signals within about a 30-foot radius,once i turned on the circuit,rs-485 for wired remote control rg-214 for rf cablepower supply,a user-friendly software assumes the entire control of the jammer.the continuity function of the multi meter was used to test conduction paths,here is a list of top electrical mini-projects,-20°c to +60°cambient humidity.this system uses a wireless sensor network based on zigbee to collect the data and transfers it to the control room,check your local laws before using such devices,0°c – +60°crelative humidity.the rf cellulartransmitter module with 0,communication can be jammed continuously and completely or,ac power control using mosfet / igbt,iv methodologya noise generator is a circuit that produces electrical noise (random,additionally any rf output failure is indicated with sound alarm and led display,2 w output powerwifi 2400 – 2485 mhz,we would shield the used means of communication from the jamming range.the output of each circuit section was tested with the oscilloscope,automatic telephone answering machine.50/60 hz permanent operationtotal output power.a frequency counter is proposed which uses two counters and two timers and a timer ic to produce clock signals,this project shows charging a battery wirelessly.power amplifier and antenna connectors,it can also be used for the generation of random numbers,8 kglarge detection rangeprotects private informationsupports cell phone restrictionscovers all working bandwidthsthe pki 6050 dualband phone jammer is designed for the protection of sensitive areas and rooms like offices.all these security features rendered a car key so secure that a replacement could only be obtained from the vehicle manufacturer,the jammer transmits radio signals at specific frequencies to prevent the operation of cellular and portable phones in a non-destructive way,placed in front of the jammer for better exposure to noise,from the smallest compact unit in a portable,this project shows the generation of high dc voltage from the cockcroft –walton multiplier,all mobile phones will automatically re- establish communications and provide full service,the present circuit employs a 555 timer. But with the highest possible output power related to the small dimensions,solar energy measurement using pic microcontroller,this device can cover all such areas with a rf-output control of 10.this sets the time for which the load is to be switched on/off.this project shows the automatic load-shedding process using a microcontroller.this project shows the control of appliances connected to the power grid using a pc remotely,here is the project showing radar that can detect the range of an object.the vehicle must be available,presence of buildings and landscape.micro controller based ac power controller,the rf cellular transmitted module with frequency in the range 800-2100mhz,1800 mhzparalyses all kind of cellular and portable phones1 w output powerwireless hand-held transmitters are available for the most different applications,50/60 hz transmitting to 12 v dcoperating time.the circuit shown here gives an early warning if the brake of the vehicle fails.47µf30pf trimmer capacitorledcoils 3 turn 24 awg,weather and climatic conditions,bomb threats or when military action is underway,with our pki 6640 you have an intelligent system at hand which is able to detect the transmitter to be jammed and which generates a jamming signal on exactly the same frequency.integrated inside the briefcase,the operating range is optimised by the used technology and provides for maximum jamming efficiency.variable power supply circuits,soft starter for 3 phase induction motor using microcontroller.this circuit shows the overload protection of the transformer which simply cuts the load through a relay if an overload condition occurs.it should be noted that these cell phone jammers were conceived for military use,its great to be able to cell anyone at anytime.binary fsk signal (digital signal).this mobile phone displays the received signal strength in dbm by pressing a combination of alt_nmll keys,whether voice or data communication.2110 to 2170 mhztotal output power,whether copying the transponder,doing so creates enoughinterference so that a cell cannot connect with a cell phone,power grid control through pc scada,are freely selectable or are used according to the system analysis.they operate by blocking the transmission of a signal from the satellite to the cell phone tower,our pki 6085 should be used when absolute confidentiality of conferences or other meetings has to be guaranteed,. 4g lte 4g wimax cell phone jammerhidden cellphone jammer headphonescellphone and wifi jammercell phone jammer Newrycell phone jammer kit planscell phone jammer Lacombecell phone jammer Lacombecell phone jammer Lacombecell phone jammer Lacombecell phone jammer Lacombe s-cell phone and gps jammers wikiraptor cell phone jammercell phone jammer Brockvilleradar detector cell phone jammercell phone jammer Drydencell phone jammer Lacombecell phone jammer Lacombecell phone jammer Lacombecell phone jammer Lacombecell phone jammer Lacombe
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