By Thorsten Lück, Günter Heinrichs, IFEN GmbH, and Achim Hornbostel, German Aerospace Center This article discusses the GALANT adaptively steered antenna array and receiver and demonstrates the test scenarios generated with the GNSS simulator. Exemplary results of different static and dynamic test scenarios are presented, demonstrating the attitude determination capabilities as well as the interference detection and mitigation capabilities. The vulnerability of GNSS to radio frequency interference and spoofing has become more and more of a concern for navigation applications requiring a high level of accuracy and reliability, for example, safety of life applications in aviation, railway, and maritime environments.In addition to pure power jamming with continuous wave (CW), noise or chirp signals, cases of intentional or unintentional spoofing with wrong GNSS signals have also been reported. Hardware simulations with GNSS constellation signal generators enable the investigation of the impact of radio interference and spoofing on GNSS receivers in a systematic, parameterized and repeatable way. The behavior of different receivers and receiver algorithms for detection and mitigation can be analyzed in dependence on interference power, distance of spoofers, and other parameters. This article gives examples of realistic and advanced simulation scenarios, set up for simulation of several user antennas simultaneously. The professional-grade high-end satellite navigation testing and R&D device used here is powerful, easy to use, and fully capable of multi-constellation / multi-frequency GNSS simulations for safety-of-life, spatial and professional applications. It provides all L-band frequencies for GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou, QZSS, SBAS and beyond in one box simultaneously. It avoids the extra complexity and cost of using additional signal generators or intricate architectures involving several hardware boxes, and offers full control of scenario generation. A multi-RF capable version provides up to four independent RF outputs and a master RF output that combines the RF signal of each of the up to four individual RF outputs. Each individual RF output is connected to one or more “Merlin” modules (the core signal generator module for one single carrier) allowing simulation of up to 12 satellites per module. Because of the flexible design of the Merlin module, each one can be configured to any of the supported L-band frequencies. As one chassis supports up to nine individual Merlin modules, different Multi-RF combinations are feasible: two RF outputs with up to four modules each three RF outputs with up to three modules each four RF outputs with up to two modules each. With these configurations, the user can simulate different static or dynamic receivers or even one receiver with multiple antennas, covering such challenging scenarios as ground networks, formation flying or use of beam-forming antennas. As the user is free to assign each individual module to a dedicated simulated antenna, the user could also employ up to nine modules to simulate nine different carrier signals for one single antenna using the master RF output, thus simulating the complete frequency spectrum for all current available GNSS systems in one single simulation. All modules are calibrated to garantee a carrier phase coherency of better than ±0.5°. Figure 1 shows the output at the RF master of two modules assigned to the same carrier but with a phase offset of 180°. Figure 1. Carrier-phase alignment of the high-end simulator with six modules compared to the first module. Theoretically, the resulting signal should be zero because of the destructive interference. In practice, a small residual signal remains because of component tolerance, small amplitude differences and other influences. Nevertheless the best cancellation can be seen at this point. The phase accuracy can now simply be estimated from the measured power level of the residual signal: (1) (2) with This means that the sum of two sine waves with the same frequency gives another sine wave. It has again the same frequency, but a phase offset and its amplitude is changed by the factor A. The factor A does affect the power level. If φ is 180° then A is 0, which means complete cancellation. So A shows the power of the resulting signal relative to the single sine wave. It can also be transformed to dB: (3) Figure 2 shows the carrier suppression as a function of carrier phase offset with a pole at 180ϒ. Figure 2. Carrier suppresion as a function of phase delay. The factory calibration aligns the modules to a maximum of 0.5ϒ misalignment. The measured suppresion therefore shall be better than 41.18 dBc. In practice, the residual signal is also caused by other influences, so that the actual phase alignment can be expected to be much better. With four RF outputs, the received signal of a four element antenna can be configured very easily. Figure 3 shows the dialog to configure a four-element antenna with the geometry shown in Figure 4. Note that the antenna elements are configured in the body-fixed system with the x-axis to front and the y-axis to the right (inline with a north-east-down, NED, system when facing to north), while the geometry shown in Figure 4 follows an east-north-up (ENU) convention. Figure 3. Configuration of individual antennas per receiver. Figure 4. Geometry of the GALANT four-element phased-array antenna (view from top). The following sections give an overview of multi-antenna systems and discuss results from a measurement campaign of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) utilizing the simulator and the DLR GALileo ANTenna array (GALANT) four-element multi-antenna receiver. Multi-Antenna Receivers Multi-antenna receivers utilize an antenna array with a number of antenna elements. The signals of each antenna element are mixed down and converted from analog to digital for baseband processing. In the baseband, the signals received by the different antenna elements are multiplied with complex weighting factors and summed. The weighting factors are chosen in such a way that the received signals from each antenna element cancel out into the direction of the interferers (nulling) and additionally, for advanced digital beamforming, such that the gain is increased into the direction of the satellites by forming of individual beams to each satellite. Because all these methods work with carrier phases, it is important that in the simulation setup, the signals contain the correct carrier phases at the RF-outputs of the simulator corresponding to the user satellite and user-interferer geometry, and the position and attitude of the simulated array antenna. Figure 5 presents the geometry of a rectangular antenna array with 2×2 elements and a signal s(t) impinging from direction (ϕ, θ). Figure 5. Parallel wavefront impinging on a rectangular array with 2×2 elements. The spacings of the elements dx, dy are typically half a wavelength, but can also be less. The range difference for antenna element i relative to the reference element in the center of the coordinate system depends on the incident direction (ϕ, θ) and the position (m=0,1, n=0,1) of the element within the array: (4) The corresponding carrier phase shift is: (5) For CRPA and adaptive beam forming applications, the differential code delays may be neglected if they are small compared to the code chip length. However, it is essential that the carrier phase differences are precisely simulated, because they contain the information about the incident direction of the signal and are the basis for the array processing in the receiver. For instance, the receiver can estimate the directions of arrival of the incident signals from these carrier phase differences. Now we consider a 2×2 array antenna. It can be simulated with the simulator with four RF outputs, where each output corresponds to one antenna element. In the simulator control software, a user with four antennas is set up, where the position of each antenna element is defined as an antenna position offset relative to the user position. In this approach, both differential code and carrier delays due to the simulated array geometry are taken into account, because the code and carrier pseudoranges are computed by the simulator for the position of each antenna element. However, the RF hardware channels of the receiver front-end may have differential delays against each other, which may even vary with time. If the direction of the satellites and interferers shall be estimated correctly by the receiver algorithms, a calibration signal is required to measure and compensate these differential hardware delays. For the real antenna system, a binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) signal with zero delay for each antenna channel is generated by the array receiver and fed into the antenna calibration port. For the simulation, this calibration signal must also be generated by the constellation simulator. In a simple way, a satellite in the zenith of the user antenna can be simulated, which has the same distance and delay to all antenna elements. Unfortunately, this simple solution includes some limitations to the simulated position and attitude of the user, because the user position must be at the Equator (if a “real” satellite is simulated in form of a geostationary satellite) and the antenna must not be tilted. With a small customization of the simulator software, these limitations could be overcome. Figure 6 shows how to set up the generation of a reference signal. This reference signal can either be simulated as a transmitter directly above the user position, which follows the user position and thus allows also simulations offside the Equator, or simulated as a zero-range signal on all RF outputs, neglecting any geometry, which is the preferred method. The latter one is more or less identical to the reference/calibration signal generated by the receiver itself. Figure 6. Configuration of a modulated reference signal. The power level of this signal is held constant and is not affected by any propagation delay or attenuation simulated by the control center. Attitude Determination According to Figure 5, the phase difference measured between antenna elements is a function of the direction of arrival (DoA). Thus, the DoAs of the incident signals can be estimated from the phase differences. In the GALANT receiver, the DoAs are estimated by an EPSPRIT algorithm after correlation of the signals. Compared with the (known) positions of the GNSS satellites, this allows the estimation of the antenna array attitude. Figure 7 shows the sky-plot of simulated satellites as seen at receiver location (simulated on the right; reconstructed by the receiver from the decoded almanac in the middle and the DoA on the left). By comparison of the estimated DoAs of all satellites and the skyplot from the almanac, the attitude of the antenna is estimated (left). In addition, the attitude angles simulated by the simulator is given (right). Figure 7. Simulating and estimating attitude with a multi-element antenna. Simulation of Interference It is possible to simulate some simple types of interference. Possible interference scenarios are: Wideband Noise. By increasing the power of a single satellite of the same or another GNSS constellation, a wideband pseudo-noise signal can be generated. Using a geostationary satellite also enables simulating an interference source at low elevations and constant position. Use of power-level files also allow generation of scenarios with intermittent interference (switching on and off the interference) with switching rates up to 5 Hz. CW or Multi-Carrier IF. By disabling the spreading code and navigation message, a CW signal can be generated. The simulator also allows configuration of subcarrier modulations. Without spreading code (or to be precise with a spreading code of constant zero) the generated signal will consist of two carriers symmetrically around the original signal carrier (for example, configuring a BOC(1,1) signal will create two CW signals at 1.57542 GHz ± 1.023 MHz, thus producing “ideal” interferer for the Galileo E1 OS signal.) Depending on the number of Merlin modules per RF output, interference to signal ratios up to 80 dB could be realized, limited by a dynamic range of 40 dB within one module and additional 40 dB range between two modules. However, the maximum power level of one individual signal is currently limited to -90 dBm. If only one channel per module is used, the maximum power level of this single signal can be increased by another 18 dB (for example, by using one module solely for interference generation and another module for GNSS simulation). Figure 8 shows the simulated geometry for an interference scenario based on wideband noise generated by a geostationary satellite, producing –90 dBm signal power at the receiver front end. The interference source is very near to the direction of PRN 22 with a jammer power of –90 dBm, resulting in a jammer to signal ratio of J/S = 25 dB. Figure 8. Geometry for the wideband noise interference scenario. Figure 9 shows the two-dimensional antenna pattern as a result of the beam-forming before and after switching on the interferer. The mitigation algorithm tries to minimize gain into the direction of the interferer. As this also decreases gain into the direction of the intended satellite, the C/N0 drops by approximately 10 dB for PRN 22, because its main beam is shifted away from the interference direction. For satellites in other directions, the decrease in C/N0 is less: compare Figure 9 with Figure 10. However, the receiver still keeps tracking the satellite. After switching of beamforming, the signal is lost. Figure 9. Beamforming for PRN 22 (light green line in lower plot) to mitigate for interference. Figure 10. Tracking is lost after switching off beamforming for individual channels (light blue, purple) and all channels (at the end of the plot). Simulation of Spoofing The simulation of a spoofing signal requires twice the resources as the real-world scenario, as every “real” LoS-signal must also be generated for the spoofing source. A simulation of an intentional spoofer who aims to spoof a dedicated position in this context is, however, very similiar to the simulation of a repeater ([un-]intentional interferer) device: The repeater (re-)transmits the RF signal received at its receiver position. A receiver tracking this signal will generate the position of the repeater location but will observe an additional local clock error defined by the processing time within the repeater and the travel time between repeater and receiver position. A correct simulation for a multi-antenna receiver therefore has to superpose the code and carrier range as observed at the repeater location (considering geometric range between the transmit antenna of the repeater and the individual antenna elements) with the code and carrier ranges at the receiver location. Instead of the location of the repeater P2, however, any intended location Px could be used to simulate an intelligent spoofer attack (Figure 11). The simulator can generate such scenarios by configuring the position of the (re-)transmitting antenna and the intended position (for example, the position of the repeater). By calculating the difference between the real receiver position and the position of the transmitting antenna, the additional delay and free-space loss can be taken into account. The user may also configure the gain of the transmit antenna and the processing time within the repeater. Currently, this setup does only support one “user” antenna to be simulated. However, this feature combined with multi-antenna support will enable the simulator to simulate repeater or intelligent spoofer attacks in the future (Figure 12). To distinguish the “real” signal from the “repeated” signal, the “repeated” signal could be tagged as a multipath signal. This approach would allow simulation of the complete environment of “real” and “repeated” GNSS signals in one single simulator. Figure 11. Geometry of repeater/spoofer and GNSS receiver. Figure 12. Simulator’s capability to simulate a repeater. Manufacturers The simulator producing the results described here is the NavX-NCS from IFEN GmbH. The simulator is valuable laboratory equipment for testing not only standard or high-end single-antenna GNSS receivers, but also offers additional benefit for multi-antenna GNSS receivers like the DLR GALANT controlled reception pattern antenna system. The GNSS constellation simulator offers up to four phase-coherent RF outputs, allowing the simulation of four antenna elements with two carrier frequencies, each utilizing one single chassis being 19 inch wide and 2 HU high. Simulation of intentional and unintentional interference is a possible feature of the simulator and allows receiver designers and algorithm developers to test and enhance their applications in the presence of interference to identify, locate and mitigate for interference sources. Thorsten Lück studied electrical engineering at the universities in Stuttgart and Bochum. He received a Ph.D. (Dr.- Ing.) from the University of the Federal Armed Forces in Munich in 2007 on INS/GNSS integration for rail applications. Since 2003, he has worked for IFEN GmbH, where he started as head of R&D embedded systems in the receiver technology division. In 2012 he changed from receiver development to simulator technologies as product manager of IFEN’s professional GNSS simulator series NavX-NCS and head of the navigation products department. Günter Heinrichs is the head of the Customer Applications Department and business development at IFEN GmbH, Poing, Germany. He received a Dipl.-Ing. degree in communications engineering in 1988, a Dipl.- Ing. degree in data processing engineering and a Dr.-Ing. degree in electrical engineering in 1991 and 1995, respectively. In 1996 he joined the satellite navigation department of MAN Technologie AG in Augsburg, Germany, where he was responsible for system architectures and design, digital signals, and data processing of satellite navigation receiver systems. From 1999 to April 2002 he served as head and R&D manager of MAN Technologie’s satellite navigation department. Achim Hornbostel joined the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in 1989 after he received his engineer diploma in electrical engineering from the University of Hannover in the same year. Since 2000, he has been a staff member of the Institute of Communications and Navigation at DLR. He was involved in several projects for remote sensing, satellite communications and satellite navigation. In 1995 he received his Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the University of Hannover. His main activities are in receiver development, interference mitigation and signal propagation.
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The mechanical part is realised with an engraving machine or warding files as usual,sb2d-025-1ha 12v 2a ac adapter 100 - 240vac ~ 0.7a 47-63hz new s.u.s. robotics tesa1-150080 ac adapter 15vdc 0.8a power supply sw,in order to wirelessly authenticate a legitimate user.axis a31207c ac adapter 12vac 500ma used 2.5x5.5 x 11.3mm 90 deg,cui 3a-501dn09 ac adapter 9v dc 5a used 2 x 5.5 x 12mm,we have already published a list of electrical projects which are collected from different sources for the convenience of engineering students,black & decker vpx0320 used 7.4vdc 230ma dual port battery charg,cisco adp-30rb ac adapter 5v 3a 12vdc 2a 12v 0.2a 6pin molex 91-,dve dsa-9w-09 fus 090080 ac adapter 9v 0.8a switching power adap.fujitsu sec80n2-19.0 ac adapter 19vdc 3.16a used -(+)- 3x5.5mm 1,infinite ad30-5 ac adapter 5vdc 6a 3pin power supply.st-c-075-18500380ct ac adapter 18.5vdc 2.7a 3.5a 3.8a used 1.6x4,finecom stm-1018 ac adapter 5vdc 12v 1.5a 6pin 9mm mini din dual,radio remote controls (remote detonation devices),casio ad-a60024iu ac adapter 6vdc 200ma used +(-) 2x5.5x9.6mm ro,normally he does not check afterwards if the doors are really locked or not,switchbox lte24e-s1-1 ac adapter 5vdc 4a 20w used -(+)- 1.2 x 3.,cardio control sm-t13-04 ac adapter 12vdc 100ma used -(+)-,118f ac adapter 6vdc 300ma power supply.samsung pscv400102a ac adapter 16v 2.5a ite power supply,finecom zfxpa01500090 ac adapter 9vdc 1.5a -(+) 0.6x2.5mm used 9,netbit dsc-51fl 52100 ac adapter 5v 1a switching power supply,motorola psm4250a ac adapter 4.4vdc 1.5a used cellphone charger,citizen u2702e pd-300 ac adapter 9vdc 300ma -(+) 2x5.5mm used 12. Sceptre ad1805b 5vdc 3.7a used 3pin mini din ite power supply,konica minolta ac-4 ac adapter 4.7v dc 2a -(+) 90° 1.7x4mm 120va.gft gfp241da-1220 ac adapter 12vdc 2a used 2x5.5mm -(+)- 100-240.altec lansing s012bu0500250 ac adapter 5vdc 2500ma -(+) 2x5.5mm,the completely autarkic unit can wait for its order to go into action in standby mode for up to 30 days.industrial (man- made) noise is mixed with such noise to create signal with a higher noise signature,toshiba pa3673e-1ac3 ac adapter 19v dc 12.2a 4 pin power supply,cwt paa050f ac adapter 12vdc 4.16a used 2.5x5.5mm -(+) 100-240va,liteon ppp009l ac adapter 18.5v dc 3.5a 65w laptop hp compaq,cyber acoustics md-75350 ac adapter 7.5vdc 350ma power supply,in-li yl-12-12 ac adapter 12vac 12va used ~(~) 2pin din female p,a51813d ac adapter 18vdc 1300ma -(+)- 2.5x5.5mm 45w power supply,merkury f550 1 hour sony f550 rapid lithium ion battery charger.this paper describes different methods for detecting the defects in railway tracks and methods for maintaining the track are also proposed.now type use wifi/wifi_ jammer (as shown in below image).sun pa-1630-02sm ac adapter 14vdc 4.5a used -(+) 3x6.5mm round,elpac mw2412 ac adapter 12vdc 2a 24w used -(+) 2.3x5.5x9.7mm ite,this paper shows the real-time data acquisition of industrial data using scada,the next code is never directly repeated by the transmitter in order to complicate replay attacks.apple adp-22-611-0394 ac adapter 18.5vdc 4.6a 5pin megnatic used.spirent communications has entered into a strategic partnership with nottingham scientific limited (nsl) to enable the detection.globetek gt-21089-0909-t3 ac adapter 9vdc 1a 9w ite power supply,yuyao wj-y666-12 ac adapter 12vdc 500ma used -(+) 2.1x5.5x12mm r,dragon sam-eaa(i) ac adapter 4.6vdc 900ma used usb connector swi,cfaa41 dc adapter 15vdc 4ah car charger power supply switching f. Changzhou linke lk-ac-120050 ac adapter 12vac 500ma used ~(~) 3.,centrios ku41-3-350d ac adapter 3v 350ma 6w class 2 power supply,creative ppi-0970-ul ac dc adapter 9v 700ma ite power supply.motorola dch3-05us-0300 travel charger 5vdc 550ma used supply.finecom pa-1300-04 ac adapter 19vdc 1.58a laptop's power sup,digipower zda120080us ac adapter 12v 800ma switching power suppl,finecom up06041120 ac adapter 12vdc 5a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm 100-240vac.delta adp-65hb bb ac adapter 19vdc 3.42a used-(+) 2.5x5.5mm 100-,even though the respective technology could help to override or copy the remote controls of the early days used to open and close vehicles.with a single frequency switch button,posiflex pw-070a-1y20d0 ac power adapter desktop supply 20v 3.5a.st-c-090-19500470ct replacement ac adapter 19.5vdc 3.9a / 4.1a /,my mobile phone was able to capture majority of the signals as it is displaying full bars,ac car adapter phone charger used 1.5x3.9x10.8cm round barrel.replacement 3892a300 ac adapter 19.5v 5.13a 100w used,umec up0451e-15p ac adapter 15vdc 3a 45w like new -(+)- 2x5.5mm,tec rb-c2001 battery charger 8.4v dc 0.9a used b-sp2d-chg ac 100,hp 391173-001 ac dc adapter 19v 4.5a pa-1900-08h2 ppp014l-sa pow,2100-2200 mhztx output power.fifthlight flt-hprs-dali used 120v~347vac 20a dali relay 10502,craftsman 974062-002 dual fast charger 14.4v cordless drill batt,ssb-0334 adapter used 28vdc 20.5v 1.65a ite power supply 120vac~,lind pb-2 auto power adapter 7.5vdc 3.0a macintosh laptop power,sanken seb55n2-16.0f ac adapter 16vdc 2.5a power supply.finecom ac adpter 9vdc 4a 100-240vac new. Meanwell gs220a24-r7b ac adapter 24vdc 9.2a 221w 4pin +(::)-10mm.walker 1901.031 ac adapter 9vdc 100ma used -(+) 2.1x5.3mm round,ever-glow s15ad18008001 ac adapter 18vdc 800ma -(+) 2.4x5.4mm st.thus providing a cheap and reliable method for blocking mobile communication in the required restricted a reasonably,liteon pa-1750-08 ac adapter 15vdc 5a pa3378u-1aca pa3378e-1aca.ibm lenovo 92p1020 ac adapter 16vdc 4.5a used 2.5x5.5mm round ba.aiwa bp-avl01 ac adapter 9vdc 2.2a -(+) battery charger for ni-m.3ye gpu142400450waoo ac adapter 24vac 350ma used ~(~) 2pin din f,upon activation of the mobile jammer.grundig nt473 ac adapter 3.1vdc 0.35a 4vdc 0.60a charging unit l,toshiba api3ad03 ac adapter 19v dc 3.42a -(+)- 1.7x4mm 100-240v.nokia acp-8e ac dc adapter dc 5.3v 500 ma euorope cellphone char.panasonic re7-25 ac adapter 5vdc 1000ma used 2 hole pin,sony rfu-90uc rfu adapter 5v can use with sony ccd-f33 camcorder.artin dc 0750700 ac adapter 7.5vdc 700ma used power supply,liteon pa-1181-08qa ac adapter 19v 9.5a 4pin 10mm power din 180w,the source ak00g-0500100uu 5816516 ac adapter 5vdc 1a used ite,yl5u ac adapter 12vdc 200ma -(+) rf connecter used 0.05x9.4mm,syquest ap07sq-us ac adapter 5v 0.7a 12v 0.3a used5 pin din co.1 w output powertotal output power.. cell phone jammer applicationscell phone & gps jammer appcell phone & gps jammer appcell phone & gps jammer appcell phone & gps jammer appcell phone & gps jammer app
Apple m7783 ac adapter 24vdc 1.04a macintosh powerbook duo power.black & decker ps180 ac adapter 17.4vdc 210ma used battery charg,hipro hp-ol060d03 ac adapter 12vdc 5a used -(+)- 2.5x5.5power su.frequency correction channel (fcch) which is used to allow an ms to accurately tune to a bs,80h00312-00 5vdc 2a usb pda cradle charger used -(+) cru6600,radio remote controls (remote detonation devices),battery charger for hitachi dvd cam dz-bx35a dz-acs3 ac new one.globtek gt-41052-1507 ac adapter 7vdc 2.14a -(+) 2x5.5mm 100-240,.
Dell pa-1470-1 ac adapter 18v 2.6a power supply notebook latitud,audiovox trc-700a cell phone battery charger used 6v 135ma btr-7,sharp uadp-0220cezz ac adapter 13vdc 4.2a 10pin square lcd tv po,with infrared the remote control turns on/off the power,.
