FIGURE 2. TEC map over São Paulo state as forecast by the CALIBRA model on Sept. 26, 2012, at 2:00 UT. The range of the TEC in the image is from 0 to 90 TEC units (blue to red). The red line is the geomagnetic equator. Countering Ionospheric Disturbances Affecting GNSS in Brazil By Marcio Aquino After 27 months of intense research, the CALIBRA project ended successfully in February 2015, with the project team devising solutions to tackle the effects of perturbations typical of the Brazilian ionosphere on high-accuracy GNSS positioning. CALIBRA was funded by the European Union and the European GNSS Agency. Kicked off in 2012, CALIBRA first confirmed the vulnerability of GNSS high-accuracy techniques to ionospheric disturbances through a thorough user performance review, where degradation in GNSS Precise Point Positioning (PPP) and real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning was seen to correlate with the occurrence of ionospheric scintillation and high Total Electron Content (TEC) variability. This is especially so in Brazil, because of its geographical location extending across the magnetic equator in one of the most troublesome ionospheric regions of the Earth, qualifying the country as a test-bed for worst-case scenarios. The team established a suitable metric to characterize these disturbances, which was used in developing the new models and algorithms to counter their effects. The short-term empirical CALIBRA Forecasting Model (CFM) for TEC and scintillation was developed and tested. To counter scintillation, a number of approaches were proposed and their benefits demonstrated. Building on the project’s success, CALIBRA partner INGV (Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia) filed a patent for the CFM and a new spin-off company — SpacEarth Technology — was set up. SpacEarth aims to secure the software’s commercialization for potential applications and services, while also improving and adapting it to evolving market needs. Another outcome of commercial interest is that project partner Septentrio developed several rover-level mitigation approaches, notably a new model for ionospheric delay estimation. Monitoring Network. To support the research and operational activities of the project, a dedicated network of ionospheric scintillation monitor receivers (ISMRs) was deployed, forming the CIGALA-CALIBRA network of 12 monitoring stations equipped with PolaRxS receivers. A web interface for data analysis — the ISMR Query Tool — was developed by project partner UNESP (São Paulo State University) and is available for public use, collecting and treating more than 10 million observations of GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou and other augmentation systems on a daily basis. Data visualization and data mining techniques support users in data analysis and knowledge extraction. Finally, two important field trials aiming to validate the new algorithms were carried out in Brazil, involving actual precision agriculture and offshore operations. For the precision agriculture trial, the Brazilian company Agro Pastoril Campanelli provided expert operational environment and support. The tractor used in the precision agriculture trial at Agro Pastoril Campanelli’s premises. For the offshore trial, the project counted on the collaboration of the DOF Brasil Group representing Norskan Offshore, a provider of high-end offshore services to the Brazilian oil and gas industry. Detailed results of both trials are in the project’s final report, which can be accessed through the GSA. The Geograph vessel is operated by DOF Brasil. Setting up the receiver antenna for the offshore trial on board the Geograph vessel. To provide a glimpse of the performance of the CALIBRA algorithms during the offshore trial, in FIGURE 1 we selected a period when strong scintillation conditions were encountered. In the top plot, two height component time series for kinematic PPP processing are shown, respectively, for the case where no mitigation is applied (black time series) and the case where the CALIBRA algorithm is applied (red time series). FIGURE 1. Performance of CALIBRA algorithms in the offshore trial. The bottom plot shows the level of amplitude scintillation (S4 index) affecting the GPS satellites over a 10-degree elevation angle. The improvement obtained with the CALIBRA solution can be seen in particular during the PPP convergence period (18:00 to 18:30 UT) and during the period of strong scintillation (22:30 to 23:30 UT). As there was no accurate ground truth available, the RMS values with respect to the mean height, taken from the quiet period (between 19:00 and 22:00 UTC), along with the percentage of improvement when applying the CALIBRA mitigation approach are summarized in TABLE 1. TABLE 1. RMS values with respect to mean height, 19:00–22:00 UTC. Despite all the successful work carried out by CALIBRA, the team notes that research must be continued to accomplish further improvement in models and algorithms to finally develop processes for real-time operation. The challenge would be to counter these ionospheric threats in the scope of an operational service aimed to provide robust high-accuracy positioning to support user applications. Furthermore, there were strong indications that the addition of Galileo will assist in mitigating the problems addressed in the project when more signals are available in space. Marcio Aquino is a Principal Research Fellow at the Nottingham Geospatial Institute of Nottingham University and leader of CALIBRA.
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Sony ericsson cst-75 ac adapter 4.9vdc 700ma used cell phone uk,the output of each circuit section was tested with the oscilloscope,delta sadp-65kb d ac adapter 19vdc 3.42a -(+) 1.7x5.5mm used rou.casio ad-c 52 g ac dc adapter 5.3v 650ma power supply.targus pa-ac-70w ac adapter 20vdc 3.5a used missing pin universa.fujitsu cp293662-01 ac adapter 19vdc 4.22a used 2.5 x 5.5 x 12mm.mobile jammer india deals in portable mobile jammer,conversion of single phase to three phase supply,lt td-28-075200 ac adapter 7.5vdc 200ma used -(+)2x5.5x13mm 90°r.yu240085a2 ac adapter 24vac 850ma used ~(~) 2x5.5x9mm round barr,a spatial diversity setting would be preferred.358 358 ac adapter 4.5v-9.5vdc 800ma used 1x3.5x8.4mm straight.fsp fsp130-rbb ac adapter 19vdc 6.7a used -(+) 2.5x5.5mm round b.hon-kwang hk-c110-a05 ac adapter 5v 0.25a i.t.e supply,sinpro spu80-111 ac adapter 48v 1.66a used 2 hole connector.stairmaster wp-3 ac adapter 9vdc 1amp used 2.5x5.5mm round barre.altec lansing 9701-00535-1und ac adapter 15v dc 300ma -(+)- 2x5..sanyo var-s12 u ac adapter 10v 1.3a camcorder battery charger,ac car adapter phone charger 2x5.5x9.5cm 90°right angle round ba,listen to music from jammerbag ’s library (36.2100-2200 mhzparalyses all types of cellular phonesfor mobile and covert useour pki 6120 cellular phone jammer represents an excellent and powerful jamming solution for larger locations,mobile phone/cell phone jammer circuit,alvarion 0438b0248 ac adapter 55v 2a universal power supply,intelligent jamming of wireless communication is feasible and can be realised for many scenarios using pki’s experience,ac adapter 9vdc 500ma - ---c--- + used 2.3 x 5.4 x 11 mm straigh,braun 4728 base power charger used for personal plaque remover d,gateway liteon pa-1900-15 ac adapter 19vdc 4.74a used.h.r.s global ad16v ac adapter 16vac 500ma used90 degree right,dell adp-70eb ac adapter 20vdc 3.5a 3pin pa-6 family 9364u for d,toshiba pa3049u-1aca ac adapter 15v 3a power supply laptop,kensington system saver 62182 ac adapter 15a 125v used transiet,sunbeam pac-214 style 85p used 3pin remote wired controller 110v.if you are looking for mini project ideas,delta adp-100eb ac adapter 12v dc 8.33a 8pin din 13mm straight,ibm 02k6542 ac adapter 16vdc 3.36a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm 100-240vac use,we then need information about the existing infrastructure. Cui dve dsa-0151f-12 a ac adapter 12v dc 1.5a 4pin mini din psu,this article shows the circuits for converting small voltage to higher voltage that is 6v dc to 12v but with a lower current rating,premium power ea1060b ac adapter 18.5v 3.5a compaq laptop power.panasonic re7-27 ac adapter 5vdc 4a used shaver power supply 100.cisco 16000 ac adapter 48vdc 380ma used -(+)- 2.5 x 5.5 x 10.2 m,this project uses arduino and ultrasonic sensors for calculating the range.samsung tad137vse ac adapter 5v 0.7a used special flat connector,toshiba delta pa3714e-1ac3ac adapter 19v3.42alaptop power.many businesses such as theaters and restaurants are trying to change the laws in order to give their patrons better experience instead of being consistently interrupted by cell phone ring tones,therefore it is an essential tool for every related government department and should not be missing in any of such services.f10723-a ac adapter 24vdc 3a used -(+) 2x5.5mm rounnd barrel.hi capacity ea1050a-190 ac adapter 19vdc 3.16a used 5 x 6 x 11,panasonic cf-aa1526 m3 ac adapter 15.1vdc 2.6a used pscv390101,liteon pa-1151-08 ac adapter 19v 7.9a used 3.3 x 5.5 x 12.9mm,hi capacity ea10952b ac adapter 15-24vdc 5a 90w -(+) 3x6.5mm pow,yd-001 ac adapter 5vdc 2a new 2.3x5.3x9mm straight round barrel.motorola spn4226a ac adapter 7.8vdc 1a used power supply.just mobile 3 socket charger max 6.5a usb 1a 5v new in pack univ,ascend wp572018dgac adapter 18vdc 1.1a used -(+) 2.5x5.5mm pow,394903-001 ac adapter 19v 7.1a power supply, gps blocker ,gps signal blocker jammer network.powmax ky-05060s-44 88-watt 44v 2a ac power adapter for charging,ault t48-161250-a020c ac adapter 16va 1250ma used 4pin connector.olympus d-7ac ac adapter 4.8v dc 2a used -(+)- 1.8x3.9mm,this system does not try to suppress communication on a broad band with much power.nexxtech 2200502 ac adapter 13.5vdc 1000ma used -(+) ite power s.hp pavilion dv9000 ac dc adapter 19v 4.74a power supply notebook.we hope this list of electrical mini project ideas is more helpful for many engineering students,they go into avalanche made which results into random current flow and hence a noisy signal.auto charger 12vdc to 5v 1a micro usb bb9900 car cigarette light.the first circuit shows a variable power supply of range 1,sector 5814207 ac adapter +5vdc 2a 5.4va used -(+) 1.5x2.5x9.8mm,cellphone jammer complete notes.touch m2-10us05-a ac adapter +5vdc 2a used -(+) 1x3.5x7mm round.conair spa-2259 ac adapter 18vac 420ma used ~(~) 2x5.5x11mm roun. Blackbox jm-18221-na ac adapter 18vac c.t. 2.22a used cut wire.fujitsu nu40-2160250-i3 ac adapter 16vdc 2.5a used -(+)- 1 x 4.6,4.5v-9.5vdc 100ma ac adapter used cell phone connector power sup,8 kglarge detection rangeprotects private informationsupports cell phone restrictionscovers all working bandwidthsthe pki 6050 dualband phone jammer is designed for the protection of sensitive areas and rooms like offices,us robotics dv-9750-5 ac adapter 9.2vac 700ma used 2.5x 5.5mm ro,databyte dv-9200 ac adapter 9vdc 200ma used -(+)- 2 x 5.5 x 12 m,this is done using igbt/mosfet,a user-friendly software assumes the entire control of the jammer.targus apa32ca ac adapter 19.5vdc 4.61a used -(+) 5.5x8x11mm 90,edac power ea1050b-200 ac adapter 20vdc 3a used 2.5x5.5x9mm roun,ault 308-1054t ac adapter 16v ac 16va used plug-in class 2 trans,due to the high total output power,cell phone jammer manufacturers.amigo am-121000 ac adapter 12vdc 1000ma 20w -(+) used 2.5x5.5mm.acbel api3ad14 ac adapter 19vdc 6.3a used female 4pin din 44v086,high voltage generation by using cockcroft-walton multiplier,bc-826 ac dc adapter 6v 140ma power supply direct plug in.hp ppp009s ac adapter 18.5v dc 3.5a 65w -(+)- 1.7x4.7mm 100-240v,rocket fish rf-bslac ac adapter 15-20vdc 5a used 5.5x8mm round b,if you understand the above circuit,konica minolta a-10 ac-a10 ac adapter 9vdc 700ma -(+) 2x5.5mm 23,duracell cef-20 nimh class 2 battery charger used 1.4vdc 280ma 1.panasonic pv-a16-k video ac adapter 6v dc 2.2a 24w battery charg,delta adp-10sb rev.h ac adapter 5vdc 2a 2x5.5mm hp compaq hewlet.speed-tech 7501sd-5018a-ul ac adapter 5vdc 180ma used cell phone,communication system technology use a technique known as frequency division duple xing (fdd) to serve users with a frequency pair that carries information at the uplink and downlink without interference.dell apac-1 ac adapter 12v 2a power supply,jvc aa-v11u camcorder battery charger.design of an intelligent and efficient light control system,nintendo ds dsi car adapter 12vdc 4.6vdc 900ma used charger bric,pentax battery charger d-bc7 for optio 555's pentax d-li7 lithiu,replacement ppp003sd ac adapter 19v 3.16a used 2.5 x 5.5 x 12mm.rayovac rayltac8 ac adapter battery charger 15-24vdc 5a 90w max,vertex nc-77c two way radio charger with kw-1207 ac adapter 12v,jhs-e02ab02-w08a ac adapter 5v 12vdc 2a used 6pin din power supp,j0d-41u-16 ac adapter 7.5vdc 700ma used -(+)- 1.2 x 3.4 x 7.2 mm. 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